Lecture 10 - Motivation and Emotion
Motivation
● Motivation - The moving force that energizes behaviour
- Direction or goal of motives
- Can often be unconscious decisions.
- A competition of needs and drives.
- Fear is the most influential motivator.
- Strength of motives
● Motives Reflect
- Biological needs
- In critical moments for a person or animals biological needs, the brain
panics and decisions are not possible. (Example: A dog is being rescued
and a fireman tries to rescue it but the dog bites back, fight or flight.)
- Psychological needs
- The need to be loved, respected, etc.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
,Hypothalamic Regulation of Eating
● Hypothalamus receives information regarding nutrient levels in the body
- Lateral Region
- Stimulation induces eating
- Lesions of the lateral region produce starvation
- Ventromedial region
- Lesions induce overeating
- Stimulations inhibits eating
- Sensory Specific Satiety
- You can become full of savoury foods but when sweet food is available
you’ll make room for it.
- Example: I’m so full I’m unable to eat another bite, well.. Maybe a little
bit of ice cream. Okay I’ll have some ice cream”
Sexual Motivation
● Hormones
- Organizational Effects: Prenatal exposure to androgen alters the neural
circuits in brain and spinal cord, Adult behavior of androgenized subject is
masculine
- Less exposure to andogens, “Nature’s impulse is to create a female.”
, - Overexposure to androgens are more likely to have homosexual
ideologies.
- Activational Effects: Alteration of adult levels of hormones can alter the
intensity of a behavior that is modulated by that hormone
- Pheromones
- Something Males and females release that relates to attraction.
- Example: Males sweat in a shirt and females are asked to determine
what shirt they’re more attracted to, normally, there was no preference.
However women that were ovulating were more attracted to the shirts
that were sweaty.
- Example 2: Study in the Netherlands showed that when females went
out to a dance club when they were oscillating whether aware or not, they
tend to dress more provocatively.
- Environmental cues
-
Evolutionary Analysis of Human Sexual Behavior
● Parental Investment
● Patterns of sexual activity
● Difference in mate preferences
● Jealousy
Other notes
Men have more interest in sex and any form of sexual activity.
Most common responses in what they want from their partner
Women wanted skills that earn money and women are naturally gold diggers (at
least some degree and at least during when women depended on men)
Men wanted young and attractive women (all men are dogs lol)
Sexual Orientation
● Sexual orientation is the direction of attraction for a sexual partner
- Homosexuality: Attractuion for a person of the same-sex
● Twin studies document a biological basis for homosexuality
● Hormonal responses differ between homosexual and heterosexual men
Sexual orientation is not all genetics, some identical twins can both be gay or both be
straight but sometimes one can be straight and one can be homosexual. This can be
caused by simply being exposed to more hormones related to homosexuality and vice
versa.
Affiliation Motives
, ● The need to associate with other and maintain social bonds.
● Companionship, friendship, and love.
● Evolutionary bases.
● Safety, grooming, survival.
● Rejection, Loss of intimate, Loneliness.
● (Anxiety, Jealousy, and Depression
Achievment Motives
● Need for Achievement: Refers to the need to do well, to succeed, and to avoid
failure
- People who have high level of need for achievement tend to
- Choose moderately difficult tasks
- Enjoy being challenged
- Avoid failure
Emotion
(explained more in last lecture)
●
Lecture 11 - Individual Differences and Gender
WEIRD
● Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic.
Sex
● The properties of people that determine their classification as male or female. In
this section we review five physical characteristics used to classify sex.
- Chromosomes
- Gonads
- Hormones
Motivation
● Motivation - The moving force that energizes behaviour
- Direction or goal of motives
- Can often be unconscious decisions.
- A competition of needs and drives.
- Fear is the most influential motivator.
- Strength of motives
● Motives Reflect
- Biological needs
- In critical moments for a person or animals biological needs, the brain
panics and decisions are not possible. (Example: A dog is being rescued
and a fireman tries to rescue it but the dog bites back, fight or flight.)
- Psychological needs
- The need to be loved, respected, etc.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
,Hypothalamic Regulation of Eating
● Hypothalamus receives information regarding nutrient levels in the body
- Lateral Region
- Stimulation induces eating
- Lesions of the lateral region produce starvation
- Ventromedial region
- Lesions induce overeating
- Stimulations inhibits eating
- Sensory Specific Satiety
- You can become full of savoury foods but when sweet food is available
you’ll make room for it.
- Example: I’m so full I’m unable to eat another bite, well.. Maybe a little
bit of ice cream. Okay I’ll have some ice cream”
Sexual Motivation
● Hormones
- Organizational Effects: Prenatal exposure to androgen alters the neural
circuits in brain and spinal cord, Adult behavior of androgenized subject is
masculine
- Less exposure to andogens, “Nature’s impulse is to create a female.”
, - Overexposure to androgens are more likely to have homosexual
ideologies.
- Activational Effects: Alteration of adult levels of hormones can alter the
intensity of a behavior that is modulated by that hormone
- Pheromones
- Something Males and females release that relates to attraction.
- Example: Males sweat in a shirt and females are asked to determine
what shirt they’re more attracted to, normally, there was no preference.
However women that were ovulating were more attracted to the shirts
that were sweaty.
- Example 2: Study in the Netherlands showed that when females went
out to a dance club when they were oscillating whether aware or not, they
tend to dress more provocatively.
- Environmental cues
-
Evolutionary Analysis of Human Sexual Behavior
● Parental Investment
● Patterns of sexual activity
● Difference in mate preferences
● Jealousy
Other notes
Men have more interest in sex and any form of sexual activity.
Most common responses in what they want from their partner
Women wanted skills that earn money and women are naturally gold diggers (at
least some degree and at least during when women depended on men)
Men wanted young and attractive women (all men are dogs lol)
Sexual Orientation
● Sexual orientation is the direction of attraction for a sexual partner
- Homosexuality: Attractuion for a person of the same-sex
● Twin studies document a biological basis for homosexuality
● Hormonal responses differ between homosexual and heterosexual men
Sexual orientation is not all genetics, some identical twins can both be gay or both be
straight but sometimes one can be straight and one can be homosexual. This can be
caused by simply being exposed to more hormones related to homosexuality and vice
versa.
Affiliation Motives
, ● The need to associate with other and maintain social bonds.
● Companionship, friendship, and love.
● Evolutionary bases.
● Safety, grooming, survival.
● Rejection, Loss of intimate, Loneliness.
● (Anxiety, Jealousy, and Depression
Achievment Motives
● Need for Achievement: Refers to the need to do well, to succeed, and to avoid
failure
- People who have high level of need for achievement tend to
- Choose moderately difficult tasks
- Enjoy being challenged
- Avoid failure
Emotion
(explained more in last lecture)
●
Lecture 11 - Individual Differences and Gender
WEIRD
● Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic.
Sex
● The properties of people that determine their classification as male or female. In
this section we review five physical characteristics used to classify sex.
- Chromosomes
- Gonads
- Hormones
