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Samenvatting Anatomie En Fysiologie

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Samenvatting van 94 pagina's voor het vak Anatomie fysiologie aan de KdG

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Anatomie
Inhoud
1 Het cardiovasculaire stelsel – het bloed..............................................................................................6
1.1 Inleiding bloedvatenstelsel...........................................................................................................6
1.2 Functies en eigenschappen...........................................................................................................6
1.2.1 De samenstelling van bloed...................................................................................................7
1.2.2 Bloedafname en –onderzoek.................................................................................................7
1.3 Plasma..........................................................................................................................................7
1.3.1 Samenstelling plasma............................................................................................................7
1.3.2 Plasma-eiwitten.....................................................................................................................7
1.3.3 Plasma donatie......................................................................................................................8
1.4 Rode bloedcellen (RBC)................................................................................................................8
1.4.1 Relatieve hoeveelheid RBC....................................................................................................8
1.4.2 Structuur RBC.........................................................................................................................9
1.4.3 Structuur en functie hemoglobine.........................................................................................9
1.4.4 De stille doder......................................................................................................................11
1.4.5 Levensduur van RBC en circulatie........................................................................................11
1.4.6 Vorming van RBC.................................................................................................................12
1.5 Bloedgroepen.............................................................................................................................13
1.5.1 Antigenen............................................................................................................................13
1.5.2 A – B – 0 stelsel....................................................................................................................13
1.5.3 Resusfactor..........................................................................................................................13
1.5.4 Kruisreacties bij bloedtransfusie..........................................................................................14
1.6 Witte bloedcellen (WBC).............................................................................................................15
1.6.1 Verplaatsing en circulatie van WBC.....................................................................................15
1.6.2 Typen WBC..........................................................................................................................16
1.7 Stollingsproces............................................................................................................................17
1.8 Hemostase..................................................................................................................................18
1.8.1 Fasen van hemostase...........................................................................................................18
1.8.2 Het stollingsproces..............................................................................................................19
1.9 Besluit.........................................................................................................................................20
2 Het cardiovasculaire stelsel – het hart...............................................................................................21
2.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................21
2.2 Anatomie van het hart................................................................................................................22


1

, 2.2.1 De uitwendige anatomie van het hart.................................................................................22
2.2.2 De hartwand........................................................................................................................23
2.2.3 Inwendige anatomie en organisatie.....................................................................................23
2.3 De hartslag..................................................................................................................................27
2.3.1 Contractiele cellen...............................................................................................................27
2.3.2 Het geleidingssysteem.........................................................................................................27
2.3.3 Het elektrocardiogram.........................................................................................................29
2.4 De hartcyclus..............................................................................................................................29
2.4.1 Fasen van de hartcyclus.......................................................................................................29
2.4.2 Harttonen............................................................................................................................31
2.5 Hartdynamica.............................................................................................................................31
2.5.1 Bloedvolumereflexen...........................................................................................................31
2.5.2 Autonome innervatie...........................................................................................................32
2.5.3 Hormonen............................................................................................................................32
2.6 Besluit.........................................................................................................................................32
3 Het cardiovasculaire stelsel – bloedvaten en bloedsomloop.............................................................33
3.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................33
3.2 Soorten bloedvaten....................................................................................................................33
3.2.1 Bloedvaten...........................................................................................................................33
3.2.2 Structuur bloedvatwand......................................................................................................33
3.2.3 Structuur..............................................................................................................................33
3.2.4 Arteriën................................................................................................................................34
3.2.5 Capillairen............................................................................................................................35
3.2.6 Venen...................................................................................................................................35
3.3 Doorbloeding..............................................................................................................................37
3.3.1 Primaire functie...................................................................................................................37
3.3.2 Beïnvloedende factoren doorbloeding................................................................................37
3.3.3 Drukverschillen grote bloedsomloop...................................................................................38
3.4 Cardiovasculaire regulatie..........................................................................................................40
3.4.1 Regulatie..............................................................................................................................40
3.5 Aanpassing aan fysiologische belasting......................................................................................45
3.5.1 Reactie van hart en bloedvaten op bloedingen...................................................................45
3.6 Drie algemene functionele patronen in kleine en grote bloedsomloop.....................................45
3.6.1 Bloedsomloop......................................................................................................................45
3.6.2 Drie algemene functionele patronen...................................................................................46
3.7 Kleine bloedsomloop..................................................................................................................46

2

, 3.8 Grote bloedsomloop...................................................................................................................47
3.8.1 Algemeen.............................................................................................................................47
3.8.2 Arteriën grote bloedsomloop..............................................................................................47
3.8.3 Venen grote bloedsomloop.................................................................................................49
3.9 Besluit.........................................................................................................................................52
4 Het zenuwstelsel...............................................................................................................................53
4.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................53
4.2 Indeling aan de hand van anatomische en functionele eigenschappen......................................53
4.2.1 Functies zenuwstelsel..........................................................................................................53
4.2.2 Anatomische indeling..........................................................................................................53
4.2.3 Functionele indeling............................................................................................................53
4.3 Neuronen....................................................................................................................................54
4.3.1 Zenuwweefsel......................................................................................................................54
4.3.2 Algemene structuur neuronen.............................................................................................54
4.3.3 Bouw van een neuron..........................................................................................................55
4.3.4 Functionele indeling van neuronen.....................................................................................55
4.3.5 Neuroglia.............................................................................................................................56
4.3.6 Organisatie neuronen in ZS..................................................................................................57
4.4 Synapsen.....................................................................................................................................58
4.4.1 Communicatie tussen neuronen..........................................................................................58
4.4.2 Bouw van een synaps...........................................................................................................58
4.4.3 Synapsfunctie en neurotransmitters....................................................................................58
4.5 Hersenvliezen.............................................................................................................................60
4.5.1 Inleiding...............................................................................................................................60
4.6 Het ruggenmerg..........................................................................................................................62
4.6.1 Inleiding...............................................................................................................................62
4.6.2 Macroscopsiche anatomie...................................................................................................62
4.6.3 Anatomie op doorsnede......................................................................................................63
4.7 De hersenen................................................................................................................................64
4.7.1 Inleiding...............................................................................................................................64
4.7.2 Belangrijkste hersendelen...................................................................................................64
4.7.3 Hersenventrikels..................................................................................................................66
4.7.4 Cerebrospinale vloeistof......................................................................................................66
4.7.5 Het cerebum........................................................................................................................67
4.7.6 Het diencephalon.................................................................................................................71
4.7.7 Hersenstam (truncus cerebi)...............................................................................................72

3

, 4.7.8 Hersenstam – de pons.........................................................................................................73
4.7.9 Het cerebellum (kleine hersenen)........................................................................................74
4.8 Het perifere zenuwstelsel...........................................................................................................74
4.8.1 Inleiding...............................................................................................................................74
4.8.2 Hersenzenuwen...................................................................................................................74
4.8.3 Ruggenmergzenuwen..........................................................................................................75
4.8.4 Zenuwplexussen..................................................................................................................75
4.9 Reflexen......................................................................................................................................75
4.9.1 Inleiding...............................................................................................................................75
4.9.2 Eenvoudige reflexen............................................................................................................76
4.9.3 Complexe reflexen...............................................................................................................76
4.10 Sensorische informatie en motorische impulsen......................................................................77
4.10.1 Inleiding.............................................................................................................................77
4.10.2 Sensibele banen.................................................................................................................77
4.10.3 Motorische banen..............................................................................................................78
4.11 Het autonome zenuwstelsel.....................................................................................................79
4.11.1 Inleiding.............................................................................................................................79
4.11.2 Het sympatische zenuwstelsel...........................................................................................81
4.11.3 Relatie tussen zenuwstelsel...............................................................................................82
4.12 Besluit.......................................................................................................................................82
5 Het endocriene stelsel.......................................................................................................................83
5.1 Communicatie tussen de cellen..................................................................................................83
5.1.1 Homeostase.........................................................................................................................83
5.2 Hormonen...................................................................................................................................83
5.2.1 Hormoonstelsel...................................................................................................................83
5.2.2 Structuur van hormonen.....................................................................................................84
5.2.3 Werkingsmechanisme van hormonen.................................................................................84
5.2.4 Afgifte en transport.............................................................................................................85
5.2.5 Regulering hormonale activiteit...........................................................................................85
5.3 De hypofyse................................................................................................................................86
5.3.1 Hypofyse..............................................................................................................................86
5.3.2 Anatomie.............................................................................................................................86
5.3.3 Fysiologie.............................................................................................................................87
5.4 De schildklier..............................................................................................................................89
5.4.1 Anatomie.............................................................................................................................89
5.4.2 Fysiologie.............................................................................................................................89

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