Lecture 7 – Emerging and Re-emerging Bacterial Disease
Learning Objectives:
• To adequately define emerging and re-emerging diseases and to discriminate
between these
• To learn some key ‘disease related’ terms
• To understand factors causing the emergence and re-emergence of disease
• To enhance your understanding of disease spread and the ways in which this can
occur
• To be able to describe an example of both an emerging and re-emerging bacterial
disease
• To appreciate the measures put in place to prevent disease spread/outbreak
Map of emerging and Re-emerging diseases globally (2004)
Newly emerging – they have
only recently started to pop up globally e.g., SARS, Lyme Disease etc.
Re-emerging/resurging – used to be present and are now reappearing due to a range
of different factors e.g., cholera, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis etc. (white circles
on image)
Factors Attributed to the Emergence of Infectious Disease
Human activity and habitat encroachment
- Deforestation
- Agricultural development
- Urbanisation
, - Habitat fragmentation
- Road construction
- Air and water pollution
- Road construction
- Hydrological changes, dam building
- Population movement
- Bioterrorism
Environmental change (human drivers)
- Climate change e.g., flooding/ changing the habitat of vectors
- Natural disasters
Microbe change (human drivers)
- Drug resistance
What is an Emerging Disease?
An emerging disease is one that has appeared in a population for the first time, or
that may have existed previously but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic
range.” (WHO, 2015)
Even if this disease was previously in the population, it needs to have existed at very
low levels and be currently rapidly increasing
E.g., Lyme disease
What is a Re-Emerging Disease?
A re-emerging infectious disease is a disease whose incidence has increased in a
defined time period and location
It was pre-existing but was being controlled and in long-term decline but is now
showing signs of resurgence
E.g., TB
TB was on the increase from 1980 up to 2012 (due to co-infection with other
diseases, such as HIV)
Issues with it not being fully under control, despite it now declining again
Learning Objectives:
• To adequately define emerging and re-emerging diseases and to discriminate
between these
• To learn some key ‘disease related’ terms
• To understand factors causing the emergence and re-emergence of disease
• To enhance your understanding of disease spread and the ways in which this can
occur
• To be able to describe an example of both an emerging and re-emerging bacterial
disease
• To appreciate the measures put in place to prevent disease spread/outbreak
Map of emerging and Re-emerging diseases globally (2004)
Newly emerging – they have
only recently started to pop up globally e.g., SARS, Lyme Disease etc.
Re-emerging/resurging – used to be present and are now reappearing due to a range
of different factors e.g., cholera, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis etc. (white circles
on image)
Factors Attributed to the Emergence of Infectious Disease
Human activity and habitat encroachment
- Deforestation
- Agricultural development
- Urbanisation
, - Habitat fragmentation
- Road construction
- Air and water pollution
- Road construction
- Hydrological changes, dam building
- Population movement
- Bioterrorism
Environmental change (human drivers)
- Climate change e.g., flooding/ changing the habitat of vectors
- Natural disasters
Microbe change (human drivers)
- Drug resistance
What is an Emerging Disease?
An emerging disease is one that has appeared in a population for the first time, or
that may have existed previously but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic
range.” (WHO, 2015)
Even if this disease was previously in the population, it needs to have existed at very
low levels and be currently rapidly increasing
E.g., Lyme disease
What is a Re-Emerging Disease?
A re-emerging infectious disease is a disease whose incidence has increased in a
defined time period and location
It was pre-existing but was being controlled and in long-term decline but is now
showing signs of resurgence
E.g., TB
TB was on the increase from 1980 up to 2012 (due to co-infection with other
diseases, such as HIV)
Issues with it not being fully under control, despite it now declining again
