NUR 215 Theoretical Foundation in Nursing Practice Exam 2
Prep Document | 2026/2027 Edition | 150 Verified Questions -
120 Questions with Answers
NUR 215 Exam 2 2026-120 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+. 100% Verified Solutions |
Updated Per Latest Guidelines | Graded A+
This comprehensive exam preparation resource is meticulously designed for nursing students at
Arizona College of Nursing preparing for NUR 215 Exam 2. It contains 150 verified questions that
reflect the actual exam blueprint, covering all critical theoretical foundations essential for nursing
practice. Each question is accompanied by correct answers and detailed rationales, ensuring a deep
understanding of core concepts. This test bank is an indispensable tool for achieving a top score and
mastering the theoretical underpinnings of nursing.
Key Features:
Introduction to Nursing Theory: Historical evolution, nursing paradigms, and metaparadigm concepts
Nursing Theorists and Their Contributions: Nightingale, Henderson, Orem, Roy, Neuman, Watson, and others
The Nursing Process: Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADPIE)
Evidence-Based Practice: Formulating clinical questions, searching literature, appraising evidence, and
applying to practice
Critical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning: Decision-making frameworks, reflection, and problem-solving
Ethical and Legal Foundations: Ethical principles, codes of ethics, legal liabilities, and patient rights
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: Levels of prevention, Healthy People 2030, and risk factors
Patient Education: Learning theories, teaching strategies, and evaluation of learning
Communication and Interpersonal Relations: Therapeutic communication, SBAR, and documentation
Cultural Competence and Diversity: Culturally sensitive care, health disparities, and transcultural nursing
Safety and Infection Control: Patient safety goals, standard precautions, and transmission-based precautions
Vital Signs and Physical Assessment: Techniques, normal ranges, and assessment findings
Medication Administration: Pharmacokinetics, routes, calculations, and safety protocols
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Imbalances, replacement therapies, and monitoring
Perioperative Nursing: Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care
Pain Management: Types of pain, assessment scales, and pharmacological/non-pharmacological interventions
End-of-Life Care: Palliative care, hospice, advance directives, and ethical considerations
Professional Roles and Leadership: Delegation, prioritization, teamwork, and scope of practice
Updates for 2026:
- Updated to reflect the latest NCLEX-RN test plan and Arizona College of Nursing curriculum changes for
2026-2027
- Incorporated new evidence-based practice guidelines and clinical updates from reputable sources
- Enhanced rationales with expanded explanations for correct and incorrect answer choices
- Revised question distribution to align with the actual exam blueprint and content weights
- Added new questions on emerging topics such as telehealth and informatics in nursing practice
Abstract:
This exam preparation document is a scholarly compilation of 150 verified questions and answers designed to
assess and reinforce the theoretical foundations of nursing practice as required for NUR 215 Exam 2 at Arizona
College of Nursing. The content is systematically organized to cover all major domains of nursing theory,
Page 1
,including the historical evolution of nursing science, contributions of key theorists, and the application of
theoretical frameworks to clinical practice. Emphasis is placed on the nursing process, critical thinking,
evidence-based practice, and ethical-legal considerations, which are essential for safe and effective patient care.
Additionally, the document addresses health promotion, patient education, communication, cultural competence,
and safety, ensuring a holistic approach to nursing education. Each question is accompanied by a correct answer
and a detailed rationale that explains the underlying principles, thereby facilitating active learning and retention.
This resource is an invaluable tool for students seeking to excel in their examination and to develop a robust
foundation for their future nursing careers.
Keywords:
NUR 215, Theoretical Foundation in Nursing, Exam 2, Test Bank, Nursing Theory, Nursing Process,
Evidence-Based Practice, Arizona College of Nursing
Answer Format:
Each question is presented in a multiple-choice format with four options. The correct answer is clearly indicated,
followed by a comprehensive rationale explaining why it is correct and why the other options are incorrect.
Rationales include references to nursing theory, clinical guidelines, and best practices to enhance understanding
and retention.
Compliance Checklist:
Aligned with the latest NCLEX-RN test plan and Arizona College of Nursing curriculum
All questions verified for accuracy and relevance to NUR 215 Exam 2 content
Rationales provided for every question to support evidence-based learning
Content organized to cover all major theoretical and clinical domains
Updated for the 2026-2027 academic year with current guidelines and practices
Content Area Overview:
Content Area Questions Key Topics Weight
Nursing Theory and Theorists 1-25 Historical evolution, Nightingale, 17%
Henderson, Orem, Roy, Neuman, Watson,
Parse
The Nursing Process and Critical 26-45 ADPIE, assessment techniques, nursing 13%
Thinking diagnosis, care planning, evaluation
Evidence-Based Practice and 46-60 PICO(T), literature search, evidence 10%
Research appraisal, implementation, outcomes
Ethical and Legal Issues 61-75 Ethical principles, HIPAA, informed 10%
consent, advance directives, malpractice
Health Promotion and Patient 76-90 Levels of prevention, Healthy People 2030, 10%
Education learning theories, teaching methods
Communication and Cultural 91-105 Therapeutic communication, SBAR, 10%
Competence documentation, culturally sensitive care
Safety, Infection Control, and 106-120 Patient safety goals, standard precautions, 10%
Vital Signs vital signs assessment, infection prevention
Pharmacology and Medication 121-130 Pharmacokinetics, dosage calculations, 7%
Administration routes, medication errors, safety
Fluid, Electrolyte, and 131-140 Imbalances, IV therapy, blood gas 7%
Acid-Base Balance interpretation, replacement therapy
Perioperative and Pain 141-150 Pre/intra/postoperative care, pain 6%
Management assessment, pharmacological interventions
Page 2
,Q1. A nurse is applying Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory to a patient with
chronic heart failure who struggles to adhere to a low-sodium diet. Which
intervention best demonstrates the nurse's role in the 'supportive-educative' system?
A. Providing total care for the patient's daily hygiene and meals.
B. Guiding the patient to identify barriers and develop strategies for dietary adherence.
C. Performing the dietary planning and preparing all meals for the patient.
D. Administering prescribed diuretics and monitoring daily weights.
Correct Answer: B. Guiding the patient to identify barriers and develop strategies for
dietary adherence.
Rationale: Orem's supportive-educative system is used when the patient can perform
self-care but needs guidance and support. Option B focuses on empowering the patient to
solve problems and make decisions, which aligns with this system. A and C describe
wholly compensatory or partially compensatory systems, while D is a nursing action that
does not address the self-care deficit directly.
Why Wrong:
A - This represents a wholly compensatory system, where the nurse does everything
for the patient.
C - This is also a wholly compensatory action, not supportive-educative.
D - This is a technical nursing intervention, not an educational or supportive role.
Reference: Alligood, M.R. (2026). Nursing Theorists and Their Work, 10th Ed., Ch. 12
Q2. In a study evaluating a new nursing intervention, the p-value is 0.04 and the
confidence interval for the effect size is 0.10 to 0.62. Which interpretation is most
accurate?
A. The result is statistically significant but may not be clinically meaningful.
B. The result is not statistically significant because the confidence interval is wide.
C. The result is clinically significant because the p-value is less than 0.05.
D. The result is statistically significant and definitely clinically important.
Correct Answer: A. The result is statistically significant but may not be clinically
meaningful.
Rationale: Statistical significance (p<0.05) indicates that the finding is unlikely due to
chance, but clinical significance considers the magnitude of the effect and its impact on
patient outcomes. The confidence interval (0.10 to 0.62) suggests a small to moderate
effect, which may not be clinically meaningful in all contexts. Option A correctly
distinguishes between statistical and clinical significance.
Why Wrong:
B - The p-value is significant, so this is incorrect.
C - Clinical significance is not determined solely by the p-value.
D - Statistical significance does not guarantee clinical importance.
Page 3
, Reference: Polit, D.F., & Beck, C.T. (2026). Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing
Evidence for Nursing Practice, 11th Ed., Ch. 10
Q3. A nurse is preparing to administer IV potassium chloride (KCl) to a patient with
hypokalemia. Which action is most appropriate?
A. Administer via IV push over 5 minutes to rapidly correct the deficit.
B. Dilute in 100 mL of normal saline and infuse over 1 hour.
C. Administer undiluted through a central line at a rate of 20 mEq/hour.
D. Add to a hanging bag of lactated Ringer's and infuse rapidly.
Correct Answer: B. Dilute in 100 mL of normal saline and infuse over 1 hour.
Rationale: IV potassium must be diluted and infused slowly to avoid hyperkalemia and
cardiac arrhythmias. The standard practice is to dilute in at least 100-250 mL and infuse
at a rate not exceeding 10-20 mEq/hour. Option B is the safest and most appropriate. IV
push is contraindicated, and undiluted administration through a central line is also
unsafe. Lactated Ringer's contains potassium and should not be used for KCl
administration.
Why Wrong:
A - IV push potassium is dangerous and can cause cardiac arrest.
C - Even with a central line, potassium must be diluted and infused slowly.
D - Lactated Ringer's already contains potassium, and rapid infusion is unsafe.
Reference: Vallerand, A.H., & Sanoski, C.A. (2026). Davis's Drug Guide for Nurses, 18th
Ed., KCl monograph
Q4. A nurse is caring for a patient who has just been diagnosed with terminal cancer.
The patient states, 'I don't believe this is happening. The doctors must be wrong.'
According to Kübler-Ross's stages of grief, which stage is the patient exhibiting?
A. Anger
B. Bargaining
C. Denial
D. Acceptance
Correct Answer: C. Denial
Rationale: Kübler-Ross's first stage is denial, where the patient refuses to accept the
reality of the diagnosis. The statement 'I don't believe this is happening' is a classic
example. Anger involves expressions of rage, bargaining involves making deals, and
acceptance is the final stage of coming to terms with the situation.
Why Wrong:
A - Anger would involve statements of frustration or rage.
B - Bargaining would involve trying to negotiate for more time.
D - Acceptance would involve acknowledging the reality calmly.
Page 4
Prep Document | 2026/2027 Edition | 150 Verified Questions -
120 Questions with Answers
NUR 215 Exam 2 2026-120 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+. 100% Verified Solutions |
Updated Per Latest Guidelines | Graded A+
This comprehensive exam preparation resource is meticulously designed for nursing students at
Arizona College of Nursing preparing for NUR 215 Exam 2. It contains 150 verified questions that
reflect the actual exam blueprint, covering all critical theoretical foundations essential for nursing
practice. Each question is accompanied by correct answers and detailed rationales, ensuring a deep
understanding of core concepts. This test bank is an indispensable tool for achieving a top score and
mastering the theoretical underpinnings of nursing.
Key Features:
Introduction to Nursing Theory: Historical evolution, nursing paradigms, and metaparadigm concepts
Nursing Theorists and Their Contributions: Nightingale, Henderson, Orem, Roy, Neuman, Watson, and others
The Nursing Process: Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADPIE)
Evidence-Based Practice: Formulating clinical questions, searching literature, appraising evidence, and
applying to practice
Critical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning: Decision-making frameworks, reflection, and problem-solving
Ethical and Legal Foundations: Ethical principles, codes of ethics, legal liabilities, and patient rights
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: Levels of prevention, Healthy People 2030, and risk factors
Patient Education: Learning theories, teaching strategies, and evaluation of learning
Communication and Interpersonal Relations: Therapeutic communication, SBAR, and documentation
Cultural Competence and Diversity: Culturally sensitive care, health disparities, and transcultural nursing
Safety and Infection Control: Patient safety goals, standard precautions, and transmission-based precautions
Vital Signs and Physical Assessment: Techniques, normal ranges, and assessment findings
Medication Administration: Pharmacokinetics, routes, calculations, and safety protocols
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Imbalances, replacement therapies, and monitoring
Perioperative Nursing: Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care
Pain Management: Types of pain, assessment scales, and pharmacological/non-pharmacological interventions
End-of-Life Care: Palliative care, hospice, advance directives, and ethical considerations
Professional Roles and Leadership: Delegation, prioritization, teamwork, and scope of practice
Updates for 2026:
- Updated to reflect the latest NCLEX-RN test plan and Arizona College of Nursing curriculum changes for
2026-2027
- Incorporated new evidence-based practice guidelines and clinical updates from reputable sources
- Enhanced rationales with expanded explanations for correct and incorrect answer choices
- Revised question distribution to align with the actual exam blueprint and content weights
- Added new questions on emerging topics such as telehealth and informatics in nursing practice
Abstract:
This exam preparation document is a scholarly compilation of 150 verified questions and answers designed to
assess and reinforce the theoretical foundations of nursing practice as required for NUR 215 Exam 2 at Arizona
College of Nursing. The content is systematically organized to cover all major domains of nursing theory,
Page 1
,including the historical evolution of nursing science, contributions of key theorists, and the application of
theoretical frameworks to clinical practice. Emphasis is placed on the nursing process, critical thinking,
evidence-based practice, and ethical-legal considerations, which are essential for safe and effective patient care.
Additionally, the document addresses health promotion, patient education, communication, cultural competence,
and safety, ensuring a holistic approach to nursing education. Each question is accompanied by a correct answer
and a detailed rationale that explains the underlying principles, thereby facilitating active learning and retention.
This resource is an invaluable tool for students seeking to excel in their examination and to develop a robust
foundation for their future nursing careers.
Keywords:
NUR 215, Theoretical Foundation in Nursing, Exam 2, Test Bank, Nursing Theory, Nursing Process,
Evidence-Based Practice, Arizona College of Nursing
Answer Format:
Each question is presented in a multiple-choice format with four options. The correct answer is clearly indicated,
followed by a comprehensive rationale explaining why it is correct and why the other options are incorrect.
Rationales include references to nursing theory, clinical guidelines, and best practices to enhance understanding
and retention.
Compliance Checklist:
Aligned with the latest NCLEX-RN test plan and Arizona College of Nursing curriculum
All questions verified for accuracy and relevance to NUR 215 Exam 2 content
Rationales provided for every question to support evidence-based learning
Content organized to cover all major theoretical and clinical domains
Updated for the 2026-2027 academic year with current guidelines and practices
Content Area Overview:
Content Area Questions Key Topics Weight
Nursing Theory and Theorists 1-25 Historical evolution, Nightingale, 17%
Henderson, Orem, Roy, Neuman, Watson,
Parse
The Nursing Process and Critical 26-45 ADPIE, assessment techniques, nursing 13%
Thinking diagnosis, care planning, evaluation
Evidence-Based Practice and 46-60 PICO(T), literature search, evidence 10%
Research appraisal, implementation, outcomes
Ethical and Legal Issues 61-75 Ethical principles, HIPAA, informed 10%
consent, advance directives, malpractice
Health Promotion and Patient 76-90 Levels of prevention, Healthy People 2030, 10%
Education learning theories, teaching methods
Communication and Cultural 91-105 Therapeutic communication, SBAR, 10%
Competence documentation, culturally sensitive care
Safety, Infection Control, and 106-120 Patient safety goals, standard precautions, 10%
Vital Signs vital signs assessment, infection prevention
Pharmacology and Medication 121-130 Pharmacokinetics, dosage calculations, 7%
Administration routes, medication errors, safety
Fluid, Electrolyte, and 131-140 Imbalances, IV therapy, blood gas 7%
Acid-Base Balance interpretation, replacement therapy
Perioperative and Pain 141-150 Pre/intra/postoperative care, pain 6%
Management assessment, pharmacological interventions
Page 2
,Q1. A nurse is applying Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory to a patient with
chronic heart failure who struggles to adhere to a low-sodium diet. Which
intervention best demonstrates the nurse's role in the 'supportive-educative' system?
A. Providing total care for the patient's daily hygiene and meals.
B. Guiding the patient to identify barriers and develop strategies for dietary adherence.
C. Performing the dietary planning and preparing all meals for the patient.
D. Administering prescribed diuretics and monitoring daily weights.
Correct Answer: B. Guiding the patient to identify barriers and develop strategies for
dietary adherence.
Rationale: Orem's supportive-educative system is used when the patient can perform
self-care but needs guidance and support. Option B focuses on empowering the patient to
solve problems and make decisions, which aligns with this system. A and C describe
wholly compensatory or partially compensatory systems, while D is a nursing action that
does not address the self-care deficit directly.
Why Wrong:
A - This represents a wholly compensatory system, where the nurse does everything
for the patient.
C - This is also a wholly compensatory action, not supportive-educative.
D - This is a technical nursing intervention, not an educational or supportive role.
Reference: Alligood, M.R. (2026). Nursing Theorists and Their Work, 10th Ed., Ch. 12
Q2. In a study evaluating a new nursing intervention, the p-value is 0.04 and the
confidence interval for the effect size is 0.10 to 0.62. Which interpretation is most
accurate?
A. The result is statistically significant but may not be clinically meaningful.
B. The result is not statistically significant because the confidence interval is wide.
C. The result is clinically significant because the p-value is less than 0.05.
D. The result is statistically significant and definitely clinically important.
Correct Answer: A. The result is statistically significant but may not be clinically
meaningful.
Rationale: Statistical significance (p<0.05) indicates that the finding is unlikely due to
chance, but clinical significance considers the magnitude of the effect and its impact on
patient outcomes. The confidence interval (0.10 to 0.62) suggests a small to moderate
effect, which may not be clinically meaningful in all contexts. Option A correctly
distinguishes between statistical and clinical significance.
Why Wrong:
B - The p-value is significant, so this is incorrect.
C - Clinical significance is not determined solely by the p-value.
D - Statistical significance does not guarantee clinical importance.
Page 3
, Reference: Polit, D.F., & Beck, C.T. (2026). Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing
Evidence for Nursing Practice, 11th Ed., Ch. 10
Q3. A nurse is preparing to administer IV potassium chloride (KCl) to a patient with
hypokalemia. Which action is most appropriate?
A. Administer via IV push over 5 minutes to rapidly correct the deficit.
B. Dilute in 100 mL of normal saline and infuse over 1 hour.
C. Administer undiluted through a central line at a rate of 20 mEq/hour.
D. Add to a hanging bag of lactated Ringer's and infuse rapidly.
Correct Answer: B. Dilute in 100 mL of normal saline and infuse over 1 hour.
Rationale: IV potassium must be diluted and infused slowly to avoid hyperkalemia and
cardiac arrhythmias. The standard practice is to dilute in at least 100-250 mL and infuse
at a rate not exceeding 10-20 mEq/hour. Option B is the safest and most appropriate. IV
push is contraindicated, and undiluted administration through a central line is also
unsafe. Lactated Ringer's contains potassium and should not be used for KCl
administration.
Why Wrong:
A - IV push potassium is dangerous and can cause cardiac arrest.
C - Even with a central line, potassium must be diluted and infused slowly.
D - Lactated Ringer's already contains potassium, and rapid infusion is unsafe.
Reference: Vallerand, A.H., & Sanoski, C.A. (2026). Davis's Drug Guide for Nurses, 18th
Ed., KCl monograph
Q4. A nurse is caring for a patient who has just been diagnosed with terminal cancer.
The patient states, 'I don't believe this is happening. The doctors must be wrong.'
According to Kübler-Ross's stages of grief, which stage is the patient exhibiting?
A. Anger
B. Bargaining
C. Denial
D. Acceptance
Correct Answer: C. Denial
Rationale: Kübler-Ross's first stage is denial, where the patient refuses to accept the
reality of the diagnosis. The statement 'I don't believe this is happening' is a classic
example. Anger involves expressions of rage, bargaining involves making deals, and
acceptance is the final stage of coming to terms with the situation.
Why Wrong:
A - Anger would involve statements of frustration or rage.
B - Bargaining would involve trying to negotiate for more time.
D - Acceptance would involve acknowledging the reality calmly.
Page 4
