FINAL EXAMINATION PAPER ma ma
ma WGU D094 ma
STUDENT NAME: ________________________________
ma ma DATE: _____________ ma
COURSE: Child Development Final Exam ma ma ma ma TIME: _____________ ma
EXAM CODE: WGU D094-101
ma ma ma
EXAM INSTRUCTIONS:
ma
1. Print your full name and date clearly in the header above.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
2. This exam booklet contains both Test Questions (Part I) and Verified Solutions (Part II).
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3. Answer all multiple-choice questions clearly. Double-check your work.
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4. Do not break the seal or open this booklet until instructed to do so by the proctor.
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Q1. How do the cognitive requirements of a sense of self and a set of standards differ for t
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
hese emotions: embarrassment, empathy, pride, shame, and guilt?
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[Verified Solution]: Embarrassment and empathy: sense of self as a separate person Pride, shame, a
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
nd guilt: standards, rules, and goals as well as the sense of self as a separate person
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q2. Lewis et al. asked children to complete puzzles and unbeknownst to the child varied th
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
e amount of time they had to complete the puzzle. How did children respond when they succ
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
eeded at these tasks? When they failed?
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[Verified Solution]: Success: showed pride and happiness (jumped, threw hands in air, etc) Failure:
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
showed shame and embarrassment (dropped head, hunched shoulders, sad/blank expression)
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q3. How do shame and guilt differ? How are they related to prosocial behavior?
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Shame: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and goals, core
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
self as bad, wish to hide/disappear Guilt: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
goals, action as bad (focus on specific action rather than totality of self), action pattern directed outw
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ard toward reparation -
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Shame is considered an inhibitor of prosocial behavior whereas guilt is considered a motivator
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q4. How did Drummond et al distinguish shame-prone and guilt-
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
prone toddlers in their experiment with the climbing monkey?
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Child shown adult's favorite toy, adult lets child play with toy, toy breaks as so
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
on as child plays with it Children experienced both shame and guilt Shame prone: averted gaze from
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma m
adult, seldom confess, seldom try to fix toy Guilt-
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prone: seldom avoid adult, often confess, often try to repair toy
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
,Q5. How did Drummond et al measure instrumental helping in their experiment with the cl
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
imbing monkey? ma
[Verified Solution]: E "accidentally" drops sticks on the floor, help by handing sticks to E E opens
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma m
cabinet and papers fall out, help by picking up papers - Both groups had high levels of helping
a ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q6. How did Drummond et al test empathetic helping in their experiment with the climbing
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
monkey?
ma
[Verified Solution]: Blanket task: E pretends to be cold and put blanket on then leaves blanket on f
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
loor and goes somewhere else and pretends to shiver, help by bringing blanket to E Sad task: E sho
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ws that toy makes him happy, gets phone call that makes him sad, help by bringing toy -
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
More helping from guilt-prone than shame-prone children
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q7. Were there any differences in what the shame-prone and guilt-
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
prone toddlers did in these situations?
ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Both groups had high levels of instrumental helping More empathetic helping fr
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
om guilt-prone than shame-prone children
ma ma ma ma
Q8. What parenting practices elicit shame?
mama ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the child rather than the act "You're a bad chi
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ld" Publicly humiliate the child
ma ma ma ma
Q9. What parenting practices elicit guilt?
mama ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the 'badness' of the behavior "You did a bad t
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
hing" Help child understand consequences their actions have for others Teach them to repair the dam
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
age Communicate love and respect while disciplining the child
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q10. What is the essence of collaboration?
mama ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Means acting as "equals" Both have the power to derail the joint activity Partn
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ers can switch roles
ma ma ma
Q11. Provide examples of two-year-olds collaborating? Do they like to do so?
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Two year old playing with the experimenter to lift up the cylinder to the other
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
person can grab the toy Yes they want to collaborate
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
, Q12. For Tomasello, the three-year-
mama ma ma ma
olds moral sense is rooted in cooperative activity. How are these social interactions transfor
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
med as children develop a moral sense?
ma ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Social interactions transformed -
ma mama ma ma ma
emerging understanding of and respect for moral standards Obligation to one's partner Treat others f
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
airly Need to conform to rules Feel guilty when don't do these things
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q13. Tomasello presented children with different games where they had to work together to
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
win a prize (marbles or a chance to work the jiggle machine). What age-
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
related changes did he see in children's performance on these tasks?
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: 92% of 2.5 year olds stopped when they got the block and both went to toy wi
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
th one block 3.5 year olds kept pushing until their partner got a block too
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q14. Is there any reason to believe that young children are sensitive to rules? Explain.
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Yes, because if they see a puppet that starts to destroy someone's property, 3 y
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
r olds will intervene If a puppet starts to play a game the wrong way, 3 yr olds will intervene
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q15. Describe some of the experiences that facilitate moral development.
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: - Noting the effects of one's actions on others -
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Vicarious learning: watching as as adult helps her, watching other children help each other -
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Intentional socialization and instruction -
ma ma ma ma ma
After 3 yrs of age interactions with peers involving reciprocity/perspective-
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
taking and adult normative instruction also help with moral development
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q16. What are some of the ways a parent might respond to a child's wrongdoing?
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: - ma mama
Love withdrawal: withholding attention, affection, or approval after a child misbehaves -
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Power assertion: using power to threaten, chastise, spank, or take away privileges (forceful "no" or r
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
eprimand can also work) - ma ma ma ma
Induction: explaining to a child why the behavior is wrong and should be changed by emphasizing
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
how it affects other people
ma ma ma ma
Q17. What parenting practice seems to most effective for promoting moral reasoning?
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Induction is associated with more mature moral reasoning
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ma WGU D094 ma
STUDENT NAME: ________________________________
ma ma DATE: _____________ ma
COURSE: Child Development Final Exam ma ma ma ma TIME: _____________ ma
EXAM CODE: WGU D094-101
ma ma ma
EXAM INSTRUCTIONS:
ma
1. Print your full name and date clearly in the header above.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
2. This exam booklet contains both Test Questions (Part I) and Verified Solutions (Part II).
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
3. Answer all multiple-choice questions clearly. Double-check your work.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
4. Do not break the seal or open this booklet until instructed to do so by the proctor.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q1. How do the cognitive requirements of a sense of self and a set of standards differ for t
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
hese emotions: embarrassment, empathy, pride, shame, and guilt?
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Embarrassment and empathy: sense of self as a separate person Pride, shame, a
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
nd guilt: standards, rules, and goals as well as the sense of self as a separate person
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q2. Lewis et al. asked children to complete puzzles and unbeknownst to the child varied th
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
e amount of time they had to complete the puzzle. How did children respond when they succ
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
eeded at these tasks? When they failed?
ma ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Success: showed pride and happiness (jumped, threw hands in air, etc) Failure:
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
showed shame and embarrassment (dropped head, hunched shoulders, sad/blank expression)
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q3. How do shame and guilt differ? How are they related to prosocial behavior?
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Shame: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and goals, core
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
self as bad, wish to hide/disappear Guilt: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
goals, action as bad (focus on specific action rather than totality of self), action pattern directed outw
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ard toward reparation -
ma ma ma
Shame is considered an inhibitor of prosocial behavior whereas guilt is considered a motivator
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q4. How did Drummond et al distinguish shame-prone and guilt-
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
prone toddlers in their experiment with the climbing monkey?
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Child shown adult's favorite toy, adult lets child play with toy, toy breaks as so
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
on as child plays with it Children experienced both shame and guilt Shame prone: averted gaze from
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma m
adult, seldom confess, seldom try to fix toy Guilt-
a ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
prone: seldom avoid adult, often confess, often try to repair toy
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
,Q5. How did Drummond et al measure instrumental helping in their experiment with the cl
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
imbing monkey? ma
[Verified Solution]: E "accidentally" drops sticks on the floor, help by handing sticks to E E opens
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma m
cabinet and papers fall out, help by picking up papers - Both groups had high levels of helping
a ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q6. How did Drummond et al test empathetic helping in their experiment with the climbing
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
monkey?
ma
[Verified Solution]: Blanket task: E pretends to be cold and put blanket on then leaves blanket on f
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
loor and goes somewhere else and pretends to shiver, help by bringing blanket to E Sad task: E sho
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ws that toy makes him happy, gets phone call that makes him sad, help by bringing toy -
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
More helping from guilt-prone than shame-prone children
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q7. Were there any differences in what the shame-prone and guilt-
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
prone toddlers did in these situations?
ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Both groups had high levels of instrumental helping More empathetic helping fr
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
om guilt-prone than shame-prone children
ma ma ma ma
Q8. What parenting practices elicit shame?
mama ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the child rather than the act "You're a bad chi
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ld" Publicly humiliate the child
ma ma ma ma
Q9. What parenting practices elicit guilt?
mama ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the 'badness' of the behavior "You did a bad t
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
hing" Help child understand consequences their actions have for others Teach them to repair the dam
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
age Communicate love and respect while disciplining the child
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q10. What is the essence of collaboration?
mama ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Means acting as "equals" Both have the power to derail the joint activity Partn
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
ers can switch roles
ma ma ma
Q11. Provide examples of two-year-olds collaborating? Do they like to do so?
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Two year old playing with the experimenter to lift up the cylinder to the other
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
person can grab the toy Yes they want to collaborate
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
, Q12. For Tomasello, the three-year-
mama ma ma ma
olds moral sense is rooted in cooperative activity. How are these social interactions transfor
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
med as children develop a moral sense?
ma ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Social interactions transformed -
ma mama ma ma ma
emerging understanding of and respect for moral standards Obligation to one's partner Treat others f
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
airly Need to conform to rules Feel guilty when don't do these things
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q13. Tomasello presented children with different games where they had to work together to
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
win a prize (marbles or a chance to work the jiggle machine). What age-
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
related changes did he see in children's performance on these tasks?
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: 92% of 2.5 year olds stopped when they got the block and both went to toy wi
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
th one block 3.5 year olds kept pushing until their partner got a block too
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q14. Is there any reason to believe that young children are sensitive to rules? Explain.
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Yes, because if they see a puppet that starts to destroy someone's property, 3 y
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
r olds will intervene If a puppet starts to play a game the wrong way, 3 yr olds will intervene
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q15. Describe some of the experiences that facilitate moral development.
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: - Noting the effects of one's actions on others -
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Vicarious learning: watching as as adult helps her, watching other children help each other -
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Intentional socialization and instruction -
ma ma ma ma ma
After 3 yrs of age interactions with peers involving reciprocity/perspective-
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
taking and adult normative instruction also help with moral development
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Q16. What are some of the ways a parent might respond to a child's wrongdoing?
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: - ma mama
Love withdrawal: withholding attention, affection, or approval after a child misbehaves -
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Power assertion: using power to threaten, chastise, spank, or take away privileges (forceful "no" or r
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
eprimand can also work) - ma ma ma ma
Induction: explaining to a child why the behavior is wrong and should be changed by emphasizing
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
how it affects other people
ma ma ma ma
Q17. What parenting practice seems to most effective for promoting moral reasoning?
mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
[Verified Solution]: Induction is associated with more mature moral reasoning
ma mama ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
