JFMED entrance exam – Biology TEST BANK
PRACTICE QUESTIONS EXAM 2026/2027 AND HIGH
YIELD PRACTICE QUESTIONS COMPLETE ACCURATE
EXAM APPROVED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS (100% CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS) CURRENTLY UPDATED VERSION 2026
EDITION
What cellular responses can signaling cause?
ANSWERS: Enzyme changes, ion-channel opening, altered gene
expression, secretion, movement, growth, division or
apoptosis.
What is endocrine signaling?
ANSWERS: Hormones travel through blood to distant target cells.
What is paracrine signaling?
ANSWERS: A signal affects nearby cells.
What is autocrine signaling?
ANSWERS: A signal acts on the same cell that released it.
What is synaptic signaling?
ANSWERS: A neuron releases neurotransmitter across a synapse.
,What is direct-contact signaling?
ANSWERS: Communication requiring membrane-bound molecules
or cell junctions.
Where is most bacterial DNA located?
ANSWERS: In the nucleoid as a circular double-stranded
chromosome.
What are plasmids?
ANSWERS: Small circular DNA molecules that replicate
independently of the main chromosome.
What advantages can plasmids provide?
ANSWERS: Antibiotic resistance, toxin production, unusual
metabolism or conjugation machinery.
Are plasmids normally essential for basic bacterial survival?
ANSWERS: No, but they may provide strong selective advantages.
What membrane does every prokaryotic cell possess?
ANSWERS: A plasma membrane.
Where do many respiratory processes occur in prokaryotes?
ANSWERS: On or near the plasma membrane.
What are the subunits of a 70S prokaryotic ribosome?
ANSWERS: 50S and 30S.
,What is the function of the bacterial cell wall?
ANSWERS: It maintains shape and prevents osmotic bursting.
What characterizes Gram-positive bacteria?
ANSWERS: A thick peptidoglycan layer and no typical outer
membrane.
What color do Gram-positive bacteria appear after Gram staining?
ANSWERS: Purple.
What characterizes Gram-negative bacteria?
ANSWERS: A thin peptidoglycan layer plus an outer membrane
containing lipopolysaccharide.
What color do Gram-negative bacteria appear after Gram staining?
ANSWERS: Pink or red.
Do archaeal cell walls contain true peptidoglycan?
ANSWERS: No.
What is a bacterial capsule?
ANSWERS: A well-organized glycocalyx firmly attached to the cell.
What is a slime layer?
ANSWERS: A less organized bacterial glycocalyx.
, What are functions of a bacterial capsule?
ANSWERS: Prevents dehydration, aids attachment and biofilms, and
may resist phagocytosis.
How do bacterial flagella move?
ANSWERS: They rotate like propellers.
How do bacterial and eukaryotic flagella differ?
ANSWERS: Bacterial flagella rotate and are not microtubule-
based; eukaryotic flagella bend using microtubules.
What are fimbriae mainly used for?
ANSWERS: Attachment.
What are sex pili mainly used for?
ANSWERS: Cell contact and DNA transfer during conjugation.
What shape are cocci?
ANSWERS: Spherical.
What shape are bacilli?
ANSWERS: Rod-shaped.
What shape are vibrios?
ANSWERS: Curved or comma-shaped.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS EXAM 2026/2027 AND HIGH
YIELD PRACTICE QUESTIONS COMPLETE ACCURATE
EXAM APPROVED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS (100% CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS) CURRENTLY UPDATED VERSION 2026
EDITION
What cellular responses can signaling cause?
ANSWERS: Enzyme changes, ion-channel opening, altered gene
expression, secretion, movement, growth, division or
apoptosis.
What is endocrine signaling?
ANSWERS: Hormones travel through blood to distant target cells.
What is paracrine signaling?
ANSWERS: A signal affects nearby cells.
What is autocrine signaling?
ANSWERS: A signal acts on the same cell that released it.
What is synaptic signaling?
ANSWERS: A neuron releases neurotransmitter across a synapse.
,What is direct-contact signaling?
ANSWERS: Communication requiring membrane-bound molecules
or cell junctions.
Where is most bacterial DNA located?
ANSWERS: In the nucleoid as a circular double-stranded
chromosome.
What are plasmids?
ANSWERS: Small circular DNA molecules that replicate
independently of the main chromosome.
What advantages can plasmids provide?
ANSWERS: Antibiotic resistance, toxin production, unusual
metabolism or conjugation machinery.
Are plasmids normally essential for basic bacterial survival?
ANSWERS: No, but they may provide strong selective advantages.
What membrane does every prokaryotic cell possess?
ANSWERS: A plasma membrane.
Where do many respiratory processes occur in prokaryotes?
ANSWERS: On or near the plasma membrane.
What are the subunits of a 70S prokaryotic ribosome?
ANSWERS: 50S and 30S.
,What is the function of the bacterial cell wall?
ANSWERS: It maintains shape and prevents osmotic bursting.
What characterizes Gram-positive bacteria?
ANSWERS: A thick peptidoglycan layer and no typical outer
membrane.
What color do Gram-positive bacteria appear after Gram staining?
ANSWERS: Purple.
What characterizes Gram-negative bacteria?
ANSWERS: A thin peptidoglycan layer plus an outer membrane
containing lipopolysaccharide.
What color do Gram-negative bacteria appear after Gram staining?
ANSWERS: Pink or red.
Do archaeal cell walls contain true peptidoglycan?
ANSWERS: No.
What is a bacterial capsule?
ANSWERS: A well-organized glycocalyx firmly attached to the cell.
What is a slime layer?
ANSWERS: A less organized bacterial glycocalyx.
, What are functions of a bacterial capsule?
ANSWERS: Prevents dehydration, aids attachment and biofilms, and
may resist phagocytosis.
How do bacterial flagella move?
ANSWERS: They rotate like propellers.
How do bacterial and eukaryotic flagella differ?
ANSWERS: Bacterial flagella rotate and are not microtubule-
based; eukaryotic flagella bend using microtubules.
What are fimbriae mainly used for?
ANSWERS: Attachment.
What are sex pili mainly used for?
ANSWERS: Cell contact and DNA transfer during conjugation.
What shape are cocci?
ANSWERS: Spherical.
What shape are bacilli?
ANSWERS: Rod-shaped.
What shape are vibrios?
ANSWERS: Curved or comma-shaped.
