ONS Cancer Basics Test with all Correct & 100% Verified
Answers |Latest Update |Already Graded A+
Carcinogenesis ✔Correct Answer-process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer
cells
Lymphocytes ✔Correct Answer-A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off
infections
What is the function of B Cells? ✔Correct Answer-B cells function primarily to protect the
body from bacterial infection or specific antigens (abnormal proteins).
What are the two types of lymphocytes? ✔Correct Answer-T cells and B cells
Thromboctopenia ✔Correct Answer-abnormal decrease in the # of platelets in the blood; pts
are susceptible to hemorrhage
Anemia ✔Correct Answer-A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in
hemoglobin, or in total volume.
Neutropenia ✔Correct Answer-a decreased number of neutrophils
Leukopenia ✔Correct Answer-Abnormally low white blood cell count
Why do we have lymph nodes? ✔Correct Answer-A small bean-shaped structure that is part
of the body's immune system. Lymph nodes filter substances that travel through the lymphatic
fluid, and they contain lymphocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight infection and
disease.
What is tumor lysis syndrome? ✔Correct Answer-potentially lethal, 48-72 hrs after chemo tx
initiation due to large number of cells releasing their content into the bloodstream >
hyperURICEMIA, hyperKALEMIA, hypocalcemia, hyperPHOSPHATEMIA
Hyperuricemia ✔Correct Answer-Excess of uric acid in the blood
Uric acid passes through the liver, and enters your bloodstream. Most of it is excreted (removed
from your body) in your urine (If BUN & Creatinine) levels are high kidneys are not able to
excrete urine properly), or passes through your intestines to regulate "normal" levels.
Symptoms: kidney problems, or gouty arthritis from high uric acid levels in your blood.
You may have fever, chills, fatigue if you have certain forms of cancer, and your uric acid levels
are elevated (caused by tumor lysis syndrome)
, You may notice an inflammation of a joint (called "gout"), if the uric acid crystals deposit in one
of your joints.
You may have kidney problems (caused by formation of kidney stones), or problems with
urination - this is why allopurinol is taken to avoid kidney damage
Hyperkalemia ✔Correct Answer-high K+ levels
tiredness or weakness.
a feeling of numbness or tingling.
nausea or vomiting.
trouble breathing.
chest pain.
palpitations or irregular heartbeats.
Hyperphosphatemia & Hypocalcemia ✔Correct Answer-a serum phosphorus level that
exceeds 4.5 mg/dL
Result from the effects of hypocalcemia, with patients occasionally reporting symptoms such as
muscle cramps, tetany (involuntary contracture of muscles), and perioral numbness or tingling.
Other symptoms include bone and joint pain, pruritus, and rash.
What is brachytherapy? ✔Correct Answer-internal radiation
used to get the radiation close to the cancer or target tissue can be unsealed or sealed
Chemotherapy Drugs
Alkylating Agents - What do they target? ✔Correct Answer-Alkylating agents damage
intracellular DNA. Cancer cells cannot repair DNA as well as normal cells, so they proceed to
programmed cell death or apoptosis.
Examples. Cisplatin, Cyclophosphamide,
Chemotherapy Drug
Antitumor antibiotics (also called anthracyclines) ✔Correct Answer-Alarge group of drugs
derived from natural sources. Anthracyclines have multiple mechanisms of action, but most of
their cytotoxic effects are caused by free radical formation (attacking cell membranes) and
topoisomerase II enzyme inhibition (creating double-strand breaks in DNA).
Example Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin, Idarubicin, Mitoxantrone, Bleomycin, Dactinomycin
Chemotherapy
Antimetabolites ✔Correct Answer-They inhibit DNA synthesis or are falsely incorporated into
DNA, which then causes cell death. Antimetabolites are cell-cycle specific and act in the S phase
of the cell cycle (the synthesis phase).
Answers |Latest Update |Already Graded A+
Carcinogenesis ✔Correct Answer-process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer
cells
Lymphocytes ✔Correct Answer-A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off
infections
What is the function of B Cells? ✔Correct Answer-B cells function primarily to protect the
body from bacterial infection or specific antigens (abnormal proteins).
What are the two types of lymphocytes? ✔Correct Answer-T cells and B cells
Thromboctopenia ✔Correct Answer-abnormal decrease in the # of platelets in the blood; pts
are susceptible to hemorrhage
Anemia ✔Correct Answer-A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in
hemoglobin, or in total volume.
Neutropenia ✔Correct Answer-a decreased number of neutrophils
Leukopenia ✔Correct Answer-Abnormally low white blood cell count
Why do we have lymph nodes? ✔Correct Answer-A small bean-shaped structure that is part
of the body's immune system. Lymph nodes filter substances that travel through the lymphatic
fluid, and they contain lymphocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight infection and
disease.
What is tumor lysis syndrome? ✔Correct Answer-potentially lethal, 48-72 hrs after chemo tx
initiation due to large number of cells releasing their content into the bloodstream >
hyperURICEMIA, hyperKALEMIA, hypocalcemia, hyperPHOSPHATEMIA
Hyperuricemia ✔Correct Answer-Excess of uric acid in the blood
Uric acid passes through the liver, and enters your bloodstream. Most of it is excreted (removed
from your body) in your urine (If BUN & Creatinine) levels are high kidneys are not able to
excrete urine properly), or passes through your intestines to regulate "normal" levels.
Symptoms: kidney problems, or gouty arthritis from high uric acid levels in your blood.
You may have fever, chills, fatigue if you have certain forms of cancer, and your uric acid levels
are elevated (caused by tumor lysis syndrome)
, You may notice an inflammation of a joint (called "gout"), if the uric acid crystals deposit in one
of your joints.
You may have kidney problems (caused by formation of kidney stones), or problems with
urination - this is why allopurinol is taken to avoid kidney damage
Hyperkalemia ✔Correct Answer-high K+ levels
tiredness or weakness.
a feeling of numbness or tingling.
nausea or vomiting.
trouble breathing.
chest pain.
palpitations or irregular heartbeats.
Hyperphosphatemia & Hypocalcemia ✔Correct Answer-a serum phosphorus level that
exceeds 4.5 mg/dL
Result from the effects of hypocalcemia, with patients occasionally reporting symptoms such as
muscle cramps, tetany (involuntary contracture of muscles), and perioral numbness or tingling.
Other symptoms include bone and joint pain, pruritus, and rash.
What is brachytherapy? ✔Correct Answer-internal radiation
used to get the radiation close to the cancer or target tissue can be unsealed or sealed
Chemotherapy Drugs
Alkylating Agents - What do they target? ✔Correct Answer-Alkylating agents damage
intracellular DNA. Cancer cells cannot repair DNA as well as normal cells, so they proceed to
programmed cell death or apoptosis.
Examples. Cisplatin, Cyclophosphamide,
Chemotherapy Drug
Antitumor antibiotics (also called anthracyclines) ✔Correct Answer-Alarge group of drugs
derived from natural sources. Anthracyclines have multiple mechanisms of action, but most of
their cytotoxic effects are caused by free radical formation (attacking cell membranes) and
topoisomerase II enzyme inhibition (creating double-strand breaks in DNA).
Example Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin, Idarubicin, Mitoxantrone, Bleomycin, Dactinomycin
Chemotherapy
Antimetabolites ✔Correct Answer-They inhibit DNA synthesis or are falsely incorporated into
DNA, which then causes cell death. Antimetabolites are cell-cycle specific and act in the S phase
of the cell cycle (the synthesis phase).
