NURS 8022 Exam 2 MOST TESTED QUESTIONS
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topics like accounting, finance, marketing, management, economics, entrepreneurship, and international business.1.2. Structure of Business ExamsBusiness exams are often a mix of theoretical knowledge
and practical application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams and Writing Skills: Business exams may require
students to present ideas clearly and concisely. Students must convey
Terms in this set (161)
Hematopoiesis Process of blood cell production in adult bone
marrow or the liver and/or spleen of the fetus
Two stages
▪ Mitosis (proliferation)
▪ Maturation (differentiation)
Primary site of hematopoietic stem Bone marrow ("myeloid tissue")
cells
Difference between red and yellow Red marrow produces RBCs, yellow marrow does
bone marrow not produce RBCs
Active bone marrow sites pelvic bones
vertebrae
cranium
mandible
sternum
ribs
humerus
femur
, Factors that increase hematopoiesis (1) conversion of yellow bone marrow, which does
not produce blood cells, to hematopoietic red
marrow by the actions of erythropoietin (a
hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production)
(2) faster differentiation of progenitor cells
(3) faster proliferation of stem cells into progenitor
cells
Erythropoiesis production of RBCs
Sequence of erythropoiesis Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell --> committed
Proerythroblast/Pronormoblast -->
Erythroblast/Normoblast (Hgb synthesis begins) --
> Reticulocyte (nucleus is lost; 3 days spent in bone
marrow, about 1 day in blood) --> Erythrocyte
* aprox. 1% of RBCs are reticulocytes *
In each step the quantity of hemoglobin increases
and the nucleus decreases in size
Erythropoietin A hormone produced and released by the kidney
that stimulates the production of red blood cells
by the bone marrow
Always present in plasma
Released in response to low renal oxygenation
- NOT the # of RBCs but rather oxygen delivery
- e RBC production increases within 24 hours; life
span 4-12 hours; increased RBC # in 5 days
- Given to dialysis and chemo patients
topics like accounting, finance, marketing, management, economics, entrepreneurship, and international business.1.2. Structure of Business ExamsBusiness exams are often a
mix of theoretical knowledge and practical application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams and Writing Skills: Business
exams may require students to present ideas clearly and concisely. Students must convey
, Reticulocytes ▪ Last immature form of erythroblast
▪ Contains polyribosomes (globin synthesis) and
mitochondria (heme synthesis)
▪ 24-48 hours after leaving bone marrow for
circulation, matures into erythrocyte
- Loses polyribosomes and mitochondria
-Make up 1-2% of RBCs
- Last about 2 days in bone marrow and 1 day in
blood continuing to mature
- During time of low HCT time in marrow
decreased to as little as 1 day
▪ Reticulocyte count -- Indicates whether new
RBCs are being produced; good indicator of
erythropoiesis
Renal oxygenation negative
feedback loop
Hemoglobin and its structure Oxygen-carrying protein of the erythrocyte -->
may carry up to 300 hgb molecules
Reversible deformity to be abvle to squeeze
through the tiniest of capillaries
Each Hgb molecule has 2 pairs of different globin
chains and 4 complexes of iron + heme
▪ Heme: large, flat, iron-protoporphyrin disk that is
synthesized in the mitochondria and can carry one
molecule of oxygen
▪ Each Hgb can carry 4 molecules of oxygen
topics like accounting, finance, marketing, management, economics, entrepreneurship, and international business.1.2. Structure of Business ExamsBusiness exams are
often a mix of theoretical knowledge and practical application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams and Writing Skills: Business
exams may require students to present ideas clearly and concisely. Students must convey
, Heme vs Globin Heme: Synthesized in mitochondria of reticulocyte
- Carries Oxygen
Globin: Polyribosomes in reticulocytes
- 2 pairs of globin chains on each Hgb molecule
- Combo of pair determines type of globin chain
▪ Most common hgb A: 2 alpha chains and 2 beta
chains - hgb F (fetal): 2 alpha, 2 gamma
Red blood cell structure Sac of Hgb, no nucleus or mitochondria, only
hemoglobin & enzymes surrounded by membrane
-Lack mitochondria, rely on glycolysis for energy --
> "aerobic metabolism"
▪ Deficiencies of 2 enzymes result in anemia
• Pyruvate kinase - necessary for glycolysis - no
glycolysis results in RBC damage and death
• G6PD - involved in protecting the RBC against
oxidative stress
Anisocytosis Variation in RBC size
Poikilocytosis Variation in RBC shape
Hereditary vs Acquired Hemolysis Hereditary hemolysis: sickle cell disease
Acquired hemolysis: immune mechanisms
(transfusion reaction), infection (malaria), drugs
(penicillin), liver or kidney disease, toxins
(chemicals, venoms)
topics like accounting, finance, marketing, management, economics, entrepreneurship, and international business.1.2. Structure of Business ExamsBusiness exams are
often a mix of theoretical knowledge and practical application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams and Writing Skills: Business
exams may require students to present ideas clearly and concisely. Students must convey
AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS/GET IT 100%
ACCURATE!! 2026!!
Save
topics like accounting, finance, marketing, management, economics, entrepreneurship, and international business.1.2. Structure of Business ExamsBusiness exams are often a mix of theoretical knowledge
and practical application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams and Writing Skills: Business exams may require
students to present ideas clearly and concisely. Students must convey
Terms in this set (161)
Hematopoiesis Process of blood cell production in adult bone
marrow or the liver and/or spleen of the fetus
Two stages
▪ Mitosis (proliferation)
▪ Maturation (differentiation)
Primary site of hematopoietic stem Bone marrow ("myeloid tissue")
cells
Difference between red and yellow Red marrow produces RBCs, yellow marrow does
bone marrow not produce RBCs
Active bone marrow sites pelvic bones
vertebrae
cranium
mandible
sternum
ribs
humerus
femur
, Factors that increase hematopoiesis (1) conversion of yellow bone marrow, which does
not produce blood cells, to hematopoietic red
marrow by the actions of erythropoietin (a
hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production)
(2) faster differentiation of progenitor cells
(3) faster proliferation of stem cells into progenitor
cells
Erythropoiesis production of RBCs
Sequence of erythropoiesis Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell --> committed
Proerythroblast/Pronormoblast -->
Erythroblast/Normoblast (Hgb synthesis begins) --
> Reticulocyte (nucleus is lost; 3 days spent in bone
marrow, about 1 day in blood) --> Erythrocyte
* aprox. 1% of RBCs are reticulocytes *
In each step the quantity of hemoglobin increases
and the nucleus decreases in size
Erythropoietin A hormone produced and released by the kidney
that stimulates the production of red blood cells
by the bone marrow
Always present in plasma
Released in response to low renal oxygenation
- NOT the # of RBCs but rather oxygen delivery
- e RBC production increases within 24 hours; life
span 4-12 hours; increased RBC # in 5 days
- Given to dialysis and chemo patients
topics like accounting, finance, marketing, management, economics, entrepreneurship, and international business.1.2. Structure of Business ExamsBusiness exams are often a
mix of theoretical knowledge and practical application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams and Writing Skills: Business
exams may require students to present ideas clearly and concisely. Students must convey
, Reticulocytes ▪ Last immature form of erythroblast
▪ Contains polyribosomes (globin synthesis) and
mitochondria (heme synthesis)
▪ 24-48 hours after leaving bone marrow for
circulation, matures into erythrocyte
- Loses polyribosomes and mitochondria
-Make up 1-2% of RBCs
- Last about 2 days in bone marrow and 1 day in
blood continuing to mature
- During time of low HCT time in marrow
decreased to as little as 1 day
▪ Reticulocyte count -- Indicates whether new
RBCs are being produced; good indicator of
erythropoiesis
Renal oxygenation negative
feedback loop
Hemoglobin and its structure Oxygen-carrying protein of the erythrocyte -->
may carry up to 300 hgb molecules
Reversible deformity to be abvle to squeeze
through the tiniest of capillaries
Each Hgb molecule has 2 pairs of different globin
chains and 4 complexes of iron + heme
▪ Heme: large, flat, iron-protoporphyrin disk that is
synthesized in the mitochondria and can carry one
molecule of oxygen
▪ Each Hgb can carry 4 molecules of oxygen
topics like accounting, finance, marketing, management, economics, entrepreneurship, and international business.1.2. Structure of Business ExamsBusiness exams are
often a mix of theoretical knowledge and practical application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams and Writing Skills: Business
exams may require students to present ideas clearly and concisely. Students must convey
, Heme vs Globin Heme: Synthesized in mitochondria of reticulocyte
- Carries Oxygen
Globin: Polyribosomes in reticulocytes
- 2 pairs of globin chains on each Hgb molecule
- Combo of pair determines type of globin chain
▪ Most common hgb A: 2 alpha chains and 2 beta
chains - hgb F (fetal): 2 alpha, 2 gamma
Red blood cell structure Sac of Hgb, no nucleus or mitochondria, only
hemoglobin & enzymes surrounded by membrane
-Lack mitochondria, rely on glycolysis for energy --
> "aerobic metabolism"
▪ Deficiencies of 2 enzymes result in anemia
• Pyruvate kinase - necessary for glycolysis - no
glycolysis results in RBC damage and death
• G6PD - involved in protecting the RBC against
oxidative stress
Anisocytosis Variation in RBC size
Poikilocytosis Variation in RBC shape
Hereditary vs Acquired Hemolysis Hereditary hemolysis: sickle cell disease
Acquired hemolysis: immune mechanisms
(transfusion reaction), infection (malaria), drugs
(penicillin), liver or kidney disease, toxins
(chemicals, venoms)
topics like accounting, finance, marketing, management, economics, entrepreneurship, and international business.1.2. Structure of Business ExamsBusiness exams are
often a mix of theoretical knowledge and practical application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams and Writing Skills: Business
exams may require students to present ideas clearly and concisely. Students must convey
