PALS TEST PRACTICE EXAMINATION
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◍ What is the function of the urinary system?.
Answer: To remove metabolic wastes from the blood and direct the waste
out of the body.Filters blood and creates waste
◍ What are the urinary system organs?.
Answer: Kidneys, 2. Ureters, 2. Urinary bladder, 1. Urethra, 1.
◍ What are the primary functions of the renal system?.
Answer: Filtration and excretion, fluid balance, electrolyte balance,
acid-base balance, blood pressure regulation, and hormone production.
◍ What do the kidneys do?.
Answer: Filter blood and produce urine
◍ What do the ureters do?.
Answer: Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
◍ What is the functional unit of the kidneys?.
Answer: The nephron.
◍ What structures make up the nephron?.
Answer: Glomerulus, Bowman's Capsule, renal tubules, and distal collecting
duct.
◍ What does the urinary bladder do?.
Answer: temporarily stores urine
◍ What does the urethra do?.
Answer: Transports urine from the bladder out of the body.
, ◍ What is the role of the glomerulus?.
Answer: It filters blood to form urine.
◍ What do the kidneys look like and where are they located?.
Answer: Reddish-brown, bean shaped. Located high on the posterior
abdominal wall. Retroperitoneal/behind the peritoneal lining. Right kidney
lies just below the left. About the size of a bar of soap.
◍ What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?.
Answer: The amount of blood filtered by the glomeruli of the kidneys per
minute; a key indicator of kidney function.
◍ What does a high GFR indicate?.
Answer: Efficient kidney filtration.
◍ What does a low GFR indicate?.
Answer: The kidneys are not functioning properly.
◍ What is a renal capsule?.
Answer: Tough, fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the kidney
◍ What is the renal cortex?.
Answer: Outer portion of the kidney
◍ What is the normal range for Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)?.
Answer: 8 - 20 mg/dL.
◍ What can elevated BUN levels indicate?.
Answer: Uremia, which is toxic and can lead to life-threatening conditions.
◍ What is the renal medulla?.
Answer: Inner portion of kidney
◍ What is the normal range for creatinine levels?.
Answer: 0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL.
◍ What is the significance of the BUN/creatinine ratio?.
Answer: It helps determine the cause of kidney injury.
◍ What are the renal pyramids?.
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◍ What is the function of the urinary system?.
Answer: To remove metabolic wastes from the blood and direct the waste
out of the body.Filters blood and creates waste
◍ What are the urinary system organs?.
Answer: Kidneys, 2. Ureters, 2. Urinary bladder, 1. Urethra, 1.
◍ What are the primary functions of the renal system?.
Answer: Filtration and excretion, fluid balance, electrolyte balance,
acid-base balance, blood pressure regulation, and hormone production.
◍ What do the kidneys do?.
Answer: Filter blood and produce urine
◍ What do the ureters do?.
Answer: Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
◍ What is the functional unit of the kidneys?.
Answer: The nephron.
◍ What structures make up the nephron?.
Answer: Glomerulus, Bowman's Capsule, renal tubules, and distal collecting
duct.
◍ What does the urinary bladder do?.
Answer: temporarily stores urine
◍ What does the urethra do?.
Answer: Transports urine from the bladder out of the body.
, ◍ What is the role of the glomerulus?.
Answer: It filters blood to form urine.
◍ What do the kidneys look like and where are they located?.
Answer: Reddish-brown, bean shaped. Located high on the posterior
abdominal wall. Retroperitoneal/behind the peritoneal lining. Right kidney
lies just below the left. About the size of a bar of soap.
◍ What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?.
Answer: The amount of blood filtered by the glomeruli of the kidneys per
minute; a key indicator of kidney function.
◍ What does a high GFR indicate?.
Answer: Efficient kidney filtration.
◍ What does a low GFR indicate?.
Answer: The kidneys are not functioning properly.
◍ What is a renal capsule?.
Answer: Tough, fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the kidney
◍ What is the renal cortex?.
Answer: Outer portion of the kidney
◍ What is the normal range for Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)?.
Answer: 8 - 20 mg/dL.
◍ What can elevated BUN levels indicate?.
Answer: Uremia, which is toxic and can lead to life-threatening conditions.
◍ What is the renal medulla?.
Answer: Inner portion of kidney
◍ What is the normal range for creatinine levels?.
Answer: 0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL.
◍ What is the significance of the BUN/creatinine ratio?.
Answer: It helps determine the cause of kidney injury.
◍ What are the renal pyramids?.
