BIO 131 Study Guide Quizzes Latest 2026 With
Answers
Hydrostatic skeleton
soft bodied invertebrates, circular and longitudinal muscles contract against extracellular liquid
(incompressible)
Exoskeleton
Hardened outer surface where muscles attach; made of chitin; doesn't grow resulting in shedding;
so hard that jointed segments for movement
chitin
carbohydrate and protein; so hard that indigestible to predators; inflexible
Endoskeleton
grows with organism, develops from cartilaginous template; osteoblasts, matrix, collagen,
osteoclasts
osteoblasts
cells lay down new matrix
osteoclasts
cells that dissolve bone
Bone Morphogenetic Protein (Bmp)
cytokine that's binding results in proteins causing bone proliferation-->change size of bone; ex.
different beak size in darwins finches
, matrix
gelatinous substance that contains calcium phosphate
concentric contractions
muscle actively shortens
eccentric contractions
muscle actively lengthens
isometric contractions
muscle actively held at fixed length
passive stretch
muscle passively lengthens; lengthens muscle while relaxed NO muscle activation
control of force production
sufficient motor units, stimulation frequency
stimulattion frequency (stimulus rate)
number of stimulations/second; determines force of contraction
proprioception
ability of CNS to sense relative position of body; used in PT to retrain balance after injury; may
help with repair neuromuscular connections
motor endplates
Answers
Hydrostatic skeleton
soft bodied invertebrates, circular and longitudinal muscles contract against extracellular liquid
(incompressible)
Exoskeleton
Hardened outer surface where muscles attach; made of chitin; doesn't grow resulting in shedding;
so hard that jointed segments for movement
chitin
carbohydrate and protein; so hard that indigestible to predators; inflexible
Endoskeleton
grows with organism, develops from cartilaginous template; osteoblasts, matrix, collagen,
osteoclasts
osteoblasts
cells lay down new matrix
osteoclasts
cells that dissolve bone
Bone Morphogenetic Protein (Bmp)
cytokine that's binding results in proteins causing bone proliferation-->change size of bone; ex.
different beak size in darwins finches
, matrix
gelatinous substance that contains calcium phosphate
concentric contractions
muscle actively shortens
eccentric contractions
muscle actively lengthens
isometric contractions
muscle actively held at fixed length
passive stretch
muscle passively lengthens; lengthens muscle while relaxed NO muscle activation
control of force production
sufficient motor units, stimulation frequency
stimulattion frequency (stimulus rate)
number of stimulations/second; determines force of contraction
proprioception
ability of CNS to sense relative position of body; used in PT to retrain balance after injury; may
help with repair neuromuscular connections
motor endplates
