NR565 Midterm Exam – Questions With Proper
Solutions
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Terms in this set (376)
Pharmacodynamics What the drug does to the body
-3 Mechanisms of action
• Receptor
• Enzyme
• Nonselective Interactions
Enzymes -most frequently seen in relation to the metabolism
of drugs
-act as catalysts in nearly every chemical reaction
that takes place in the cells
-drugs can enhance or inhibit the catalytic actions
Nonselective interactions -drugs chemically alter or physically interfere with
cellular structures or there processes
• ex: chemotherapy
Patient-specific plan goals -cure
-decrease in symptoms
-stopping or slowing the disease process
-preventing disease
-improved quality of life
,Types of drug therapy -acute
• tx active disease & sustain life
-maintenance
• focus on prevention of disease progression
-supplemental
• medication required for normal body function
-palliative
• any tx program designed to provide symptomatic
relief of chronic severe pain
-supportive
• maintains integrity of body functions
-prophylactic
• prevention; immunizations, pre-procedure &
postexposure antibiotics
-empiric
• clinical probability of illness that has not yet been
diagnosed; administering broad spectrum antibiotics
before culture results
Idiosyncratic effects unexpected individual responses to medications
Tolerance declining response to a drug
dependence physiologic or psychologic need for a substance
NIH: dependence vs addiction -drug dependence
• a person needs a drug to function normally,
abruptly stopping the drug leads to withdrawal
symptoms.
-drug addiction
• the compulsive use of a substance, despite its
negative or dangerous effects
,drug interactions • drug-drug
• food-drug
• additive
• synergistic
• antagonistic
• incompatibility
grapefruit juice decreases the -buspirone
metabolism of a number of drugs, -nefedipine
including: -statins
what food counters the effect of leafy dark greens
warfarin -contain vitamin K
antacids reduce effects of some (antagonistic interaction)
drugs: thyroid replacement hormones
some antibiotics
antagonistic interaction less than the desired effect of one or both drugs
synergistic interaction sum total of effect greater than if they were given
alone
common synergistic interaction to lisinopril + HCTZ
control hypertension
8 rights of medication administration 1. Right Patient
2. Right Medication
3. Right Dose
4. Right Route
5. Right Time
6. Right Reason
7. Right Response
8. Right Documentation
categories of adverse reactions -pharmacologic
-allergic
-idiosyncratic
-drug interactions
, adverse reactions: pharmacologic -an extension of a drug's normal effects
• such as an antihypertensive causing hypotension
adverse reactions: allergic or -exaggerated immune response
hypersensitivity • ranges from mild itching to anaphylaxis
• not uncommon for 2nd or 3rd exposure to result in
more extreme reaction
adverse reactions: idiosyncratic -peculiar to the patient
• may not be listed in the drug reference
adverse reactions: drug interaction -can be the most complex & difficult to determine
• # of drugs available & potentially prescribed has
grown significantly
teratogenic effects -the ability to cause fetal defects if taken during
pregnancy
mutagenic effects -ability to cause changes in genetic tissue
known carcinogens -substances that can cause cancer
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase -reduces the risk of red cell hemolysis through
(G6PD) exposure to oxidizing drugs
-Deficiency of this enzyme found in approximately
100 million people
• particularly African Americans, Kurdish Jews,
Sardinians
Toxicology Study of adverse effects of chemicals and their
compounds on living organisms and tissues
Solutions
Save Groups
Terms in this set (376)
Pharmacodynamics What the drug does to the body
-3 Mechanisms of action
• Receptor
• Enzyme
• Nonselective Interactions
Enzymes -most frequently seen in relation to the metabolism
of drugs
-act as catalysts in nearly every chemical reaction
that takes place in the cells
-drugs can enhance or inhibit the catalytic actions
Nonselective interactions -drugs chemically alter or physically interfere with
cellular structures or there processes
• ex: chemotherapy
Patient-specific plan goals -cure
-decrease in symptoms
-stopping or slowing the disease process
-preventing disease
-improved quality of life
,Types of drug therapy -acute
• tx active disease & sustain life
-maintenance
• focus on prevention of disease progression
-supplemental
• medication required for normal body function
-palliative
• any tx program designed to provide symptomatic
relief of chronic severe pain
-supportive
• maintains integrity of body functions
-prophylactic
• prevention; immunizations, pre-procedure &
postexposure antibiotics
-empiric
• clinical probability of illness that has not yet been
diagnosed; administering broad spectrum antibiotics
before culture results
Idiosyncratic effects unexpected individual responses to medications
Tolerance declining response to a drug
dependence physiologic or psychologic need for a substance
NIH: dependence vs addiction -drug dependence
• a person needs a drug to function normally,
abruptly stopping the drug leads to withdrawal
symptoms.
-drug addiction
• the compulsive use of a substance, despite its
negative or dangerous effects
,drug interactions • drug-drug
• food-drug
• additive
• synergistic
• antagonistic
• incompatibility
grapefruit juice decreases the -buspirone
metabolism of a number of drugs, -nefedipine
including: -statins
what food counters the effect of leafy dark greens
warfarin -contain vitamin K
antacids reduce effects of some (antagonistic interaction)
drugs: thyroid replacement hormones
some antibiotics
antagonistic interaction less than the desired effect of one or both drugs
synergistic interaction sum total of effect greater than if they were given
alone
common synergistic interaction to lisinopril + HCTZ
control hypertension
8 rights of medication administration 1. Right Patient
2. Right Medication
3. Right Dose
4. Right Route
5. Right Time
6. Right Reason
7. Right Response
8. Right Documentation
categories of adverse reactions -pharmacologic
-allergic
-idiosyncratic
-drug interactions
, adverse reactions: pharmacologic -an extension of a drug's normal effects
• such as an antihypertensive causing hypotension
adverse reactions: allergic or -exaggerated immune response
hypersensitivity • ranges from mild itching to anaphylaxis
• not uncommon for 2nd or 3rd exposure to result in
more extreme reaction
adverse reactions: idiosyncratic -peculiar to the patient
• may not be listed in the drug reference
adverse reactions: drug interaction -can be the most complex & difficult to determine
• # of drugs available & potentially prescribed has
grown significantly
teratogenic effects -the ability to cause fetal defects if taken during
pregnancy
mutagenic effects -ability to cause changes in genetic tissue
known carcinogens -substances that can cause cancer
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase -reduces the risk of red cell hemolysis through
(G6PD) exposure to oxidizing drugs
-Deficiency of this enzyme found in approximately
100 million people
• particularly African Americans, Kurdish Jews,
Sardinians
Toxicology Study of adverse effects of chemicals and their
compounds on living organisms and tissues
