NURS N512 Midterm Study Guide Week 2 | Questions
& Answers | 2026 Update | American Sentinel
University| PDF
CHAPTER 28 Questions
1. Which statement is true regarding the constituents of blood?
A. Plasma is made up of 90% dissolved substances and 10%
water.
B. Blood volume in adults is approximately 6 quarts. Correct
The adult blood volume is approximately 5.5 L or 6 quarts.
Plasma is made up of 8% dissolved substances and 92% water.
Plasma accounts for 50% to 55% of blood volume. Plasma
differs from serum in that serum is altered in the laboratory by
removing fibrinogen and other clotting factors.
C. Plasma accounts for 10% of blood volume.
D. Plasma and serum are identical in composition.
2. Which blood component is responsible for the critical colloid oncotic
pressure?
A. Immunoglobulins
B. Albumin Correct
Albumin molecules are large and do not freely diffuse through
the vascular endothelium, and therefore maintain the critical
colloidal osmotic pressure (or oncotic pressure) that regulates
the passage of water and solutes into the surrounding tissues.
The immunoglobulins, including gamma globulins, are
responsible for fighting infection. Clotting factors are
responsible for the clotting cascade and the formation of blood
clots.
C. Gamma globulins
D. Clotting factors
3. Which statement is true regarding erythrocytes?
A. Erythrocytes make up 80% of blood volume.
B. They are responsible for tissue oxygenation. Correct
Erythrocytes carry hemoglobin and are responsible for tissue
oxygenation. Erythrocytes do not have a nucleus or
mitochondria; therefore, they cannot divide or synthesize
proteins. Erythrocytes make up 42% to 48% of blood volume.
C. Erythrocytes contain mitochondria.
D. They actively synthesize proteins.
4. Which cells are the predominant cells of early inflammation?
A. Monocyte
B. Neutrophil Correct
, The neutrophil is the earliest cell involved in inflammation.
Soon after bacterial invasion or tissue injury, neutrophils
migrate out of the capillaries and into the inflamed site.
Monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils may be part of the
inflammatory response but are not the earliest cellular
response. Monocytes may mature into macrophages in the
circulation and migrate out of the vessels in response to
infection or inflammation. Basophils are often increased at
sites of allergic inflammatory reactions and parasitic infection,
particularly exoparasitic (e.g., ticks) infection. Eosinophil
granules contain a variety of enzymes (e.g., histaminase) that
help control the inflammatory processes.
C. Basophil
D. Eosinophil
5. Which blood component is responsible for lysis or the breakdown of blood
clots?
A. Nitric oxide
B. Tissue factor
C. Antithrombin III
D. Fibrinolytic system Correct
The fibrinolytic system breaks down blood clots. Nitric oxide
causes vasodilation. The extrinsic pathway is activated when
tissue factor is released from damaged endothelial cells.
Antithrombin III is a circulating plasma protease inhibitor that
inhibits thrombin and factor Xa.
6. Which statements are true regarding platelets? (Select all that apply.)
A. Platelets are disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments. Correct
B. Platelets are formed by clumps of megakaryocytes. Correct
C. Platelets have a large nucleus.
D. Platelets divide rapidly.
Platelets are not cells but fragments of cytoplasmic components. They
are disk-shaped fragments that form from megakaryocytes. They have
no nucleus and cannot divide.
7. Which is a granulocyte? (Select all that apply.)
A. Neutrophil Correct
B. Basophil Correct
C. Eosinophil Correct
D. Monocyte
E. Macrophage
, Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are granulocytes. Monocytes and
macrophages are agranulocytes.
8. Which statements are true regarding lymph nodes? (Select all that apply.)
A. Lymph nodes collect interstitial fluid. Correct
B. Lymph nodes are part of the hematologic and immune
system. Correct
C. Eventually lymph nodes return lymph to circulation via the
inferior vena cava.
D. Lymph nodes may enlarge and become tender as a result of
infection. Correct
E. Blood flows into the lymph node via the afferent lymph
vessels.
Lymph nodes collect interstitial fluid and eventually return it to
circulation via the superior vena cava. Functionally, lymph nodes are
part of the hematologic and immune systems. Infection may result in
lymph node enlargement and tenderness (reactive lymph node). Blood
flows into the lymph nodes through the lymphatic artery, not the
afferent lymph vessels.
9. Platelet activation involves which processes? (Select all that apply.)
A. Adhesion Correct
B. Aggregation Correct
C. Inhibition
D. Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inactivation
Platelet activation involves three linked processes: (1) adhesion, (2)
activation, and (3) aggregation. Platelet activation stimuli include
epinephrine, thrombin, and collagen. Platelet inhibition is associated
with tissue factor inhibitor and inhibits factor Xa of the clotting cascade.
Inactivation of COX-1 decreases the production of thromboxane A2 (TXA2)
and decreases platelet activation.
10. Which statements regarding folate are true? (Select all that apply.)
A. Decreased folate absorption may lead to pernicious
anemia. Correct
B. Pregnant women require more folate. Correct
C. Folate is stored in the liver. Correct
D. Absorption of folate takes place in the stomach.
E. Folate is necessary for DNA synthesis. Correct
Folate is necessary for DNA and RNA synthesis. Folate absorption occurs
principally in the upper small intestine and is stored in the liver. Folate
supplements are prescribed f
& Answers | 2026 Update | American Sentinel
University| PDF
CHAPTER 28 Questions
1. Which statement is true regarding the constituents of blood?
A. Plasma is made up of 90% dissolved substances and 10%
water.
B. Blood volume in adults is approximately 6 quarts. Correct
The adult blood volume is approximately 5.5 L or 6 quarts.
Plasma is made up of 8% dissolved substances and 92% water.
Plasma accounts for 50% to 55% of blood volume. Plasma
differs from serum in that serum is altered in the laboratory by
removing fibrinogen and other clotting factors.
C. Plasma accounts for 10% of blood volume.
D. Plasma and serum are identical in composition.
2. Which blood component is responsible for the critical colloid oncotic
pressure?
A. Immunoglobulins
B. Albumin Correct
Albumin molecules are large and do not freely diffuse through
the vascular endothelium, and therefore maintain the critical
colloidal osmotic pressure (or oncotic pressure) that regulates
the passage of water and solutes into the surrounding tissues.
The immunoglobulins, including gamma globulins, are
responsible for fighting infection. Clotting factors are
responsible for the clotting cascade and the formation of blood
clots.
C. Gamma globulins
D. Clotting factors
3. Which statement is true regarding erythrocytes?
A. Erythrocytes make up 80% of blood volume.
B. They are responsible for tissue oxygenation. Correct
Erythrocytes carry hemoglobin and are responsible for tissue
oxygenation. Erythrocytes do not have a nucleus or
mitochondria; therefore, they cannot divide or synthesize
proteins. Erythrocytes make up 42% to 48% of blood volume.
C. Erythrocytes contain mitochondria.
D. They actively synthesize proteins.
4. Which cells are the predominant cells of early inflammation?
A. Monocyte
B. Neutrophil Correct
, The neutrophil is the earliest cell involved in inflammation.
Soon after bacterial invasion or tissue injury, neutrophils
migrate out of the capillaries and into the inflamed site.
Monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils may be part of the
inflammatory response but are not the earliest cellular
response. Monocytes may mature into macrophages in the
circulation and migrate out of the vessels in response to
infection or inflammation. Basophils are often increased at
sites of allergic inflammatory reactions and parasitic infection,
particularly exoparasitic (e.g., ticks) infection. Eosinophil
granules contain a variety of enzymes (e.g., histaminase) that
help control the inflammatory processes.
C. Basophil
D. Eosinophil
5. Which blood component is responsible for lysis or the breakdown of blood
clots?
A. Nitric oxide
B. Tissue factor
C. Antithrombin III
D. Fibrinolytic system Correct
The fibrinolytic system breaks down blood clots. Nitric oxide
causes vasodilation. The extrinsic pathway is activated when
tissue factor is released from damaged endothelial cells.
Antithrombin III is a circulating plasma protease inhibitor that
inhibits thrombin and factor Xa.
6. Which statements are true regarding platelets? (Select all that apply.)
A. Platelets are disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments. Correct
B. Platelets are formed by clumps of megakaryocytes. Correct
C. Platelets have a large nucleus.
D. Platelets divide rapidly.
Platelets are not cells but fragments of cytoplasmic components. They
are disk-shaped fragments that form from megakaryocytes. They have
no nucleus and cannot divide.
7. Which is a granulocyte? (Select all that apply.)
A. Neutrophil Correct
B. Basophil Correct
C. Eosinophil Correct
D. Monocyte
E. Macrophage
, Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are granulocytes. Monocytes and
macrophages are agranulocytes.
8. Which statements are true regarding lymph nodes? (Select all that apply.)
A. Lymph nodes collect interstitial fluid. Correct
B. Lymph nodes are part of the hematologic and immune
system. Correct
C. Eventually lymph nodes return lymph to circulation via the
inferior vena cava.
D. Lymph nodes may enlarge and become tender as a result of
infection. Correct
E. Blood flows into the lymph node via the afferent lymph
vessels.
Lymph nodes collect interstitial fluid and eventually return it to
circulation via the superior vena cava. Functionally, lymph nodes are
part of the hematologic and immune systems. Infection may result in
lymph node enlargement and tenderness (reactive lymph node). Blood
flows into the lymph nodes through the lymphatic artery, not the
afferent lymph vessels.
9. Platelet activation involves which processes? (Select all that apply.)
A. Adhesion Correct
B. Aggregation Correct
C. Inhibition
D. Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inactivation
Platelet activation involves three linked processes: (1) adhesion, (2)
activation, and (3) aggregation. Platelet activation stimuli include
epinephrine, thrombin, and collagen. Platelet inhibition is associated
with tissue factor inhibitor and inhibits factor Xa of the clotting cascade.
Inactivation of COX-1 decreases the production of thromboxane A2 (TXA2)
and decreases platelet activation.
10. Which statements regarding folate are true? (Select all that apply.)
A. Decreased folate absorption may lead to pernicious
anemia. Correct
B. Pregnant women require more folate. Correct
C. Folate is stored in the liver. Correct
D. Absorption of folate takes place in the stomach.
E. Folate is necessary for DNA synthesis. Correct
Folate is necessary for DNA and RNA synthesis. Folate absorption occurs
principally in the upper small intestine and is stored in the liver. Folate
supplements are prescribed f
