PSIO 305 Exam 3 UPDATED ACTUAL Questions And Correct Answers
C
Terms in this set (64)
Define physiological stress REAL strain on the body
Define psychological stress FEELING of strain and stress on the mind
Define stress (general) real or perceived threat to homeostasis
What are the types of stressors? - physical (external)
- chemical (internal)
- psychological (mental)
What are the three different ways the body can have a 1. sympathetic activation (2-3 secs)
stress response? 2. activation of the sympathy-adreno-medullary (SAM) system (20-30 secs)
3. hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) (mins, hours, or days)
Describe what happens in the body during sympathetic - cardiovascular: increased HR & BP, increased blood flow to skeletal muscle,
activation vasoconstriction
- metabolism: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis
- pulmonary: bronchial dilation
- other: pupil dilation & reduced digestion
What NT is responsible for sympathetic activation during norepinephrine
stress?
What NT is responsible for activation of the sympathy- epinephrine
adreno-medullary system (SAM) during stress?
What is the difference between norepinephrine and they both have the same effects on the body but norepinephrine (NT) weans
epinephrine? quickly while epinephrine (stress hormone) lasts longer
Describe what happens in the body when the - cardiovascular: vasoconstriction, increase in blood pressure (aldosterone retains
hypothalamus-pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis is activated Na + H20)
- metabolism: breakdown of proteins, fatty acids, and glycogen; gluconeogenesis
- immune system = suppressed
What hormone is responsible for activation of the cortisol
hypothalamus-pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis
Describe how cortisol affects the sympathetic stress cortisol results in negative feedback that SUPPRESSES sympathetic activity
response
What happens to sympathetic activity if the adrenal sympathetic activity INCREASES (b/c cortisol decreases so there is less negative
glands are removed? feedback)
, Describe how cortisol affects the immune response cortisol results in negative feedback in the immune system/cytokines, causing a
DECREASE in immune response
Define PTSD condition of persistent mental and emotional stress occurring as a result of injury
or severe psychological shock
Describe the mental/psychological/behavioral symptoms - avoidance: of things, places and people that remind them of the traumatic event
of PTSD - intrusive memories: flashbacks, nightmares, unwanted memories
- cognitive and mood disorder: depression basically
- changes in physical and emotional rxns: easily startled, self-destructive,
irritable/aggressive, guilt/shame
Describe the levels of NE/E, CRH, and cortisol in people NE/E = high
with PTSD CRH = high
cortisol = low
How does hypocortisolism work? In the case of hypocortisolism, the anterior pituitary is hyper sensitive to cortisol
levels, so when cortisol levels are normal, the anterior pituitary decreases ACTH
release. Then, the hypothalamus increases CRH release because of low cortisol
What effect does CRH have on sympathetic activity? CRH INCREASES sympathetic activity
What happens to hippocampal neurons when there is a they atrophy; causes learning/memory impairment and anxiety
chronic increase in CRH?
What happens to catecholamines (dopamine & - increased levels of catecholamines
norepinephrine) during hypocortisolism? - increased arousal, startling, fear memories, pulse, BP, etc.
Explain some of the inflammation symptoms those with somatic: diabetes, hypertension, obesity, dementia, depression/anxiety
PTSD can suffer from. neuro-inflammatory: Alzheimer's, MS
How are cortisol and PTSD related? - Low cortisol is predictive of PTSD
- high cortisol is associated with lower incidence of PTSD
List some genes that are associated with the HPA axis and NR3C1
PTSD - glucocorticoid receptor (GR)
CRHR1
- CRH receptor
FKBP5
- modulated GR sensitivity
How does methylation/acetylation affect gene - methylation = decrease gene expression
expression? - acetylation = increase gene expression
Stress/stress hormones administered shortly before ENHANCES consolidation & long-term retention of emotional memory
learning/training
Sensory afferent (to CNS)
Motor efferent (away from CNS)
C
Terms in this set (64)
Define physiological stress REAL strain on the body
Define psychological stress FEELING of strain and stress on the mind
Define stress (general) real or perceived threat to homeostasis
What are the types of stressors? - physical (external)
- chemical (internal)
- psychological (mental)
What are the three different ways the body can have a 1. sympathetic activation (2-3 secs)
stress response? 2. activation of the sympathy-adreno-medullary (SAM) system (20-30 secs)
3. hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) (mins, hours, or days)
Describe what happens in the body during sympathetic - cardiovascular: increased HR & BP, increased blood flow to skeletal muscle,
activation vasoconstriction
- metabolism: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis
- pulmonary: bronchial dilation
- other: pupil dilation & reduced digestion
What NT is responsible for sympathetic activation during norepinephrine
stress?
What NT is responsible for activation of the sympathy- epinephrine
adreno-medullary system (SAM) during stress?
What is the difference between norepinephrine and they both have the same effects on the body but norepinephrine (NT) weans
epinephrine? quickly while epinephrine (stress hormone) lasts longer
Describe what happens in the body when the - cardiovascular: vasoconstriction, increase in blood pressure (aldosterone retains
hypothalamus-pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis is activated Na + H20)
- metabolism: breakdown of proteins, fatty acids, and glycogen; gluconeogenesis
- immune system = suppressed
What hormone is responsible for activation of the cortisol
hypothalamus-pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis
Describe how cortisol affects the sympathetic stress cortisol results in negative feedback that SUPPRESSES sympathetic activity
response
What happens to sympathetic activity if the adrenal sympathetic activity INCREASES (b/c cortisol decreases so there is less negative
glands are removed? feedback)
, Describe how cortisol affects the immune response cortisol results in negative feedback in the immune system/cytokines, causing a
DECREASE in immune response
Define PTSD condition of persistent mental and emotional stress occurring as a result of injury
or severe psychological shock
Describe the mental/psychological/behavioral symptoms - avoidance: of things, places and people that remind them of the traumatic event
of PTSD - intrusive memories: flashbacks, nightmares, unwanted memories
- cognitive and mood disorder: depression basically
- changes in physical and emotional rxns: easily startled, self-destructive,
irritable/aggressive, guilt/shame
Describe the levels of NE/E, CRH, and cortisol in people NE/E = high
with PTSD CRH = high
cortisol = low
How does hypocortisolism work? In the case of hypocortisolism, the anterior pituitary is hyper sensitive to cortisol
levels, so when cortisol levels are normal, the anterior pituitary decreases ACTH
release. Then, the hypothalamus increases CRH release because of low cortisol
What effect does CRH have on sympathetic activity? CRH INCREASES sympathetic activity
What happens to hippocampal neurons when there is a they atrophy; causes learning/memory impairment and anxiety
chronic increase in CRH?
What happens to catecholamines (dopamine & - increased levels of catecholamines
norepinephrine) during hypocortisolism? - increased arousal, startling, fear memories, pulse, BP, etc.
Explain some of the inflammation symptoms those with somatic: diabetes, hypertension, obesity, dementia, depression/anxiety
PTSD can suffer from. neuro-inflammatory: Alzheimer's, MS
How are cortisol and PTSD related? - Low cortisol is predictive of PTSD
- high cortisol is associated with lower incidence of PTSD
List some genes that are associated with the HPA axis and NR3C1
PTSD - glucocorticoid receptor (GR)
CRHR1
- CRH receptor
FKBP5
- modulated GR sensitivity
How does methylation/acetylation affect gene - methylation = decrease gene expression
expression? - acetylation = increase gene expression
Stress/stress hormones administered shortly before ENHANCES consolidation & long-term retention of emotional memory
learning/training
Sensory afferent (to CNS)
Motor efferent (away from CNS)
