HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026 FULL QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
▶ 1st line of defense . Answer: Barriers: Skin, Mucous Membranes, Gastric
juices, Normal Flora, and Cilia
▶ 2nd line of defense . Answer: Inflammation and Phagocytosis
▶ 3rd line of defense . Answer: B-Cells and T-Cells
▶ Cycle of Infection . Answer: Pathogens, Reservoir, Portal of Exit, Mode
of Transmission, Portal of Entry, Host B
▶ B-Cells . Answer: Responsible for production of antibodies, can clone
themselves to tag antigens, can become memory B-cells to remember
antigen(pathogen)
▶ T-Cells . Answer: born in bone marrow, but mature in thymus gland, cell-
mediated response
▶ T-Killer Cells . Answer: Phagocytosis of human cells that are infected
▶ Helper T-Cells . Answer: Like nicolas cage "Fire! Fire! Fire!", directs
adaptive immunity response in what to do
▶ IgG . Answer: Most common, in blood, Good God there's a lot of them!
▶ IgM . Answer: first at the scene, IMMediate response
▶ IgA . Answer: spread from mother to child in colostrum in breast milk,
saliva, tears
▶ IgE . Answer: AllerGIES, allergic response, release of histamine
▶ IgD . Answer: attached to B-Cells, no one knows what they do
, ▶ Active Immunity . Answer: activates the immune system
▶ Active natural immunity . Answer: natural exposure to antigen
▶ Active artificial immunity . Answer: immunizations
▶ Passive natural immunity . Answer: mother to fetus
▶ Passive artificial immunity . Answer: adult antibody injected into another
adult
▶Etiology . Answer: Cause of particular disease on microscopic level
▶ Pathogenesis . Answer: Story of how disease develops
▶ Atrophy . Answer: Decrease in the size of the cells, results in reduced
tissue mass
▶ Hypertrophy . Answer: Increase in cell size, results in enlarged tissue
mass
▶ Hyperplasia . Answer: Increased number of cells, results in enlarged
tissue mass
▶ Metaplasia . Answer: Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature
cell type, Ex: chronic smokers, cells lose cilia
▶ Dysplasia . Answer: Cells are different looking varying in size and shape
▶ Neoplasia . Answer: New growth, commonly a tumor. May be malignant
or benign
▶ Apoptosis . Answer: Programmed cell death, normal occurrence in the
body
▶ Ischemia . Answer: Deficit of oxygen in the cells
▶ Hypoxia . Answer: Reduced oxygen in the tissues
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026 FULL QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
▶ 1st line of defense . Answer: Barriers: Skin, Mucous Membranes, Gastric
juices, Normal Flora, and Cilia
▶ 2nd line of defense . Answer: Inflammation and Phagocytosis
▶ 3rd line of defense . Answer: B-Cells and T-Cells
▶ Cycle of Infection . Answer: Pathogens, Reservoir, Portal of Exit, Mode
of Transmission, Portal of Entry, Host B
▶ B-Cells . Answer: Responsible for production of antibodies, can clone
themselves to tag antigens, can become memory B-cells to remember
antigen(pathogen)
▶ T-Cells . Answer: born in bone marrow, but mature in thymus gland, cell-
mediated response
▶ T-Killer Cells . Answer: Phagocytosis of human cells that are infected
▶ Helper T-Cells . Answer: Like nicolas cage "Fire! Fire! Fire!", directs
adaptive immunity response in what to do
▶ IgG . Answer: Most common, in blood, Good God there's a lot of them!
▶ IgM . Answer: first at the scene, IMMediate response
▶ IgA . Answer: spread from mother to child in colostrum in breast milk,
saliva, tears
▶ IgE . Answer: AllerGIES, allergic response, release of histamine
▶ IgD . Answer: attached to B-Cells, no one knows what they do
, ▶ Active Immunity . Answer: activates the immune system
▶ Active natural immunity . Answer: natural exposure to antigen
▶ Active artificial immunity . Answer: immunizations
▶ Passive natural immunity . Answer: mother to fetus
▶ Passive artificial immunity . Answer: adult antibody injected into another
adult
▶Etiology . Answer: Cause of particular disease on microscopic level
▶ Pathogenesis . Answer: Story of how disease develops
▶ Atrophy . Answer: Decrease in the size of the cells, results in reduced
tissue mass
▶ Hypertrophy . Answer: Increase in cell size, results in enlarged tissue
mass
▶ Hyperplasia . Answer: Increased number of cells, results in enlarged
tissue mass
▶ Metaplasia . Answer: Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature
cell type, Ex: chronic smokers, cells lose cilia
▶ Dysplasia . Answer: Cells are different looking varying in size and shape
▶ Neoplasia . Answer: New growth, commonly a tumor. May be malignant
or benign
▶ Apoptosis . Answer: Programmed cell death, normal occurrence in the
body
▶ Ischemia . Answer: Deficit of oxygen in the cells
▶ Hypoxia . Answer: Reduced oxygen in the tissues
