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1. What are the four main elements found in living organisms?
Answer: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
2. What are atomic orbitals?
Answer: Regions around the nucleus where there is a high probability of
finding an electron.
3. List the first few electron configuration levels.
Answer:
o 1s
o 2s, 2p
o 3s, 3p, 3d
o 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f
4. What are the primary types of chemical bonds?
Answer: Ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds.
5. What are secondary chemical bonds?
Answer: Hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals bonds.
6. What are hydrogen bonds?
Answer: Weak bonds formed between a hydrogen atom and highly
electronegative atoms such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine (F).
, 7. What are Van der Waals bonds?
Answer: Weak intermolecular attractions caused by interactions between
permanent dipoles or temporary dipoles.
8. List the key properties of water.
Answer:
o Strong hydrogen bonding
o High heat capacity
o Excellent solvent
o High energy required for evaporation
o Expands when frozen
o Cohesion (sticks to itself)
o Adhesion (sticks to other surfaces)
9. What intermolecular forces exist in water?
Answer: Hydrogen bonding, dipole-induced dipole forces, and London
dispersion forces.
10.What is the ionization of water?
Answer: The transfer of a proton between two water molecules forming a
hydroxide ion (OH⁻) and a hydronium ion (H₃O⁺).
11.What are the main types of concentration used in chemistry?
Answer:
• Mass concentration
• Molar concentration
• Number concentration
• Volume concentration