NUR 121 Exam 1 Questions with Correct
Answers | Latest Update 2026
*Neurovascular Assessment* - CORRECT ANSWER -*6 p's (pain, pallor, paresthesia,
pulselessness, pressure, paralysis)
Peripheral vascular:
-Color/temperature -Pulses
-Capillary refill -Edema
Peripheral neurologic:
-Sensation and motor function -Pain
Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER -protection from disease or illness maintained by the
physiological defense mechanisms
Ex: skin, WBC, mucus membranes
Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER -a localized response to an injury, allergy, or pathogen;
first line of protection, providing immediate protection; causes visible symptoms and tissue
damage if excessive; *does not always mean infection is present
What two components are critical in maintaining health and preventing disease? - CORRECT
ANSWER -immunity and inflammation
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) - CORRECT ANSWER -on the surface of most somatic
cells; determines the tissue type of a person; "lock and key" recognition and self-tolerance
Parts of the Immune System - CORRECT ANSWER -WBCs, Stem cells, other body systems
(nervous/endocrine/GI)
,Factors that Effect Immunity in Older Adults - CORRECT ANSWER -Nutrition, Meds, pre-
existing conditions
*immunity is ↓
Infection - CORRECT ANSWER -response to tissue injury; usually triggers inflammation but
not all the time
Neutrophils - CORRECT ANSWER -bacteria fighters; phagocytosis
Macrophages - CORRECT ANSWER -phagocytosis; stimulate long lasting immunity
Basophils - CORRECT ANSWER -act of blood vessels; excrete heparin/histamine/serotonin
Eosinophils - CORRECT ANSWER -fight against parasites
5 Steps of Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Warmth
2. Redness
3. Swelling
4. Pain
5. ↓ func.
Stages of Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Vascular (constriction then
hyperemia/edema)
2. Cellular Exudate from neutrophils
3. Tissue Repair from WBCS thru angiogenesis
Acquire Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER -second line of immunity; specific and long-term
resistance to microorganisms
,Agglutination - CORRECT ANSWER -↑ action of macrophages and neutrophils
Active Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER -when antigen enters body and makes specific
antibodies against the antigen
Natural Active Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER -*most effective and long lasting
Artificial Active Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER -vaccines/immunizations to prevent fatal
illnesses
Passive Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER -short-term; antibodies transferred from another
human/animal after its made in their body
Natural Passive Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER -mom to baby; acquired through
placenta/breastfeeding
Artificial Passive Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER -given to prevent rabies/tetanus/COVID
Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI) - CORRECT ANSWER -involves WBCs; watches to attack any
foreign cells; able to differentiate self v. nonself; prevents development of cancer after exposure
to carcinogens; total immunocompetence-CMI must function optimally
Hyperacute Transplant Rejection - CORRECT ANSWER -immediate; widespread phagocytosis
and lost of clotting; need to remove it and use a different transplant
Acute Transplant Rejection - CORRECT ANSWER -weeks-months; (ex: back pain from kidney
transplant);
CI: chronic inflammatory diseases/unable to follow med regimen
, Antirejection Medications - CORRECT ANSWER -Maintenance therapy: Prednisone,
cyclosporine, azathioprine --> immunosuppressants
Rescue therapy: (acute) monoclonal/polyclonal antibodies
Chronic Transplant Rejection - CORRECT ANSWER -chronic inflammation and scarring of
transplant with some function
Transplant Rejection Teaching - CORRECT ANSWER -↑ risk for infection/cancer development
w/ immunosuppressants longterm
General Autoimmunity - CORRECT ANSWER -antibodies/lymphocytes turn on itself and
attacks own healthy cells; disorders are common, chronic, progressive, self-perpetuating
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - CORRECT ANSWER -chronic autoimmune
inflammatory disorder; tissue integrity lost --> organ failure --> death; spontaneous
exacerbations; caused by strong genetic connection, triggers
(infection/injury/meds/hormones/env exposures); women>men, blacks>whites
SLE Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER -Hx, "butterfly" rash (red facial rash), photosensitivity,
chronic lesions on mucous membranes, nonerosive arthritis (joint swelling chronically),
psychosocial- fear/anxiety/coping mechanisms
*fever=exacerbation
SLE Diagnostics - CORRECT ANSWER -Labs: ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)/Serum
complement C3/C4 assessing inflammation, ANAs/antibodies (rule out SLE), blood/urine tests
(for any renal involvement)
SLE Interventions - CORRECT ANSWER -Topical cortisone (↓ inflammation),
hydroxychloroquine (effective/affordable; ↓ UV light absorption --> ↓ risk of skin lesions),
NSAIDS/acetaminophen, chronic steroids, immunosuppressants, Belimumab (1st drug) --> No
vaccines 30 days prior to Tx
Answers | Latest Update 2026
*Neurovascular Assessment* - CORRECT ANSWER -*6 p's (pain, pallor, paresthesia,
pulselessness, pressure, paralysis)
Peripheral vascular:
-Color/temperature -Pulses
-Capillary refill -Edema
Peripheral neurologic:
-Sensation and motor function -Pain
Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER -protection from disease or illness maintained by the
physiological defense mechanisms
Ex: skin, WBC, mucus membranes
Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER -a localized response to an injury, allergy, or pathogen;
first line of protection, providing immediate protection; causes visible symptoms and tissue
damage if excessive; *does not always mean infection is present
What two components are critical in maintaining health and preventing disease? - CORRECT
ANSWER -immunity and inflammation
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) - CORRECT ANSWER -on the surface of most somatic
cells; determines the tissue type of a person; "lock and key" recognition and self-tolerance
Parts of the Immune System - CORRECT ANSWER -WBCs, Stem cells, other body systems
(nervous/endocrine/GI)
,Factors that Effect Immunity in Older Adults - CORRECT ANSWER -Nutrition, Meds, pre-
existing conditions
*immunity is ↓
Infection - CORRECT ANSWER -response to tissue injury; usually triggers inflammation but
not all the time
Neutrophils - CORRECT ANSWER -bacteria fighters; phagocytosis
Macrophages - CORRECT ANSWER -phagocytosis; stimulate long lasting immunity
Basophils - CORRECT ANSWER -act of blood vessels; excrete heparin/histamine/serotonin
Eosinophils - CORRECT ANSWER -fight against parasites
5 Steps of Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Warmth
2. Redness
3. Swelling
4. Pain
5. ↓ func.
Stages of Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Vascular (constriction then
hyperemia/edema)
2. Cellular Exudate from neutrophils
3. Tissue Repair from WBCS thru angiogenesis
Acquire Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER -second line of immunity; specific and long-term
resistance to microorganisms
,Agglutination - CORRECT ANSWER -↑ action of macrophages and neutrophils
Active Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER -when antigen enters body and makes specific
antibodies against the antigen
Natural Active Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER -*most effective and long lasting
Artificial Active Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER -vaccines/immunizations to prevent fatal
illnesses
Passive Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER -short-term; antibodies transferred from another
human/animal after its made in their body
Natural Passive Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER -mom to baby; acquired through
placenta/breastfeeding
Artificial Passive Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER -given to prevent rabies/tetanus/COVID
Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI) - CORRECT ANSWER -involves WBCs; watches to attack any
foreign cells; able to differentiate self v. nonself; prevents development of cancer after exposure
to carcinogens; total immunocompetence-CMI must function optimally
Hyperacute Transplant Rejection - CORRECT ANSWER -immediate; widespread phagocytosis
and lost of clotting; need to remove it and use a different transplant
Acute Transplant Rejection - CORRECT ANSWER -weeks-months; (ex: back pain from kidney
transplant);
CI: chronic inflammatory diseases/unable to follow med regimen
, Antirejection Medications - CORRECT ANSWER -Maintenance therapy: Prednisone,
cyclosporine, azathioprine --> immunosuppressants
Rescue therapy: (acute) monoclonal/polyclonal antibodies
Chronic Transplant Rejection - CORRECT ANSWER -chronic inflammation and scarring of
transplant with some function
Transplant Rejection Teaching - CORRECT ANSWER -↑ risk for infection/cancer development
w/ immunosuppressants longterm
General Autoimmunity - CORRECT ANSWER -antibodies/lymphocytes turn on itself and
attacks own healthy cells; disorders are common, chronic, progressive, self-perpetuating
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - CORRECT ANSWER -chronic autoimmune
inflammatory disorder; tissue integrity lost --> organ failure --> death; spontaneous
exacerbations; caused by strong genetic connection, triggers
(infection/injury/meds/hormones/env exposures); women>men, blacks>whites
SLE Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER -Hx, "butterfly" rash (red facial rash), photosensitivity,
chronic lesions on mucous membranes, nonerosive arthritis (joint swelling chronically),
psychosocial- fear/anxiety/coping mechanisms
*fever=exacerbation
SLE Diagnostics - CORRECT ANSWER -Labs: ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)/Serum
complement C3/C4 assessing inflammation, ANAs/antibodies (rule out SLE), blood/urine tests
(for any renal involvement)
SLE Interventions - CORRECT ANSWER -Topical cortisone (↓ inflammation),
hydroxychloroquine (effective/affordable; ↓ UV light absorption --> ↓ risk of skin lesions),
NSAIDS/acetaminophen, chronic steroids, immunosuppressants, Belimumab (1st drug) --> No
vaccines 30 days prior to Tx
