,
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels o ] + ] +
+
]
fMeasurement: Nominal, O
+]
rdinal, Interval, and Ratio ] +
]+
] + ] +
]+
1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
a rationale for your answer.
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categor
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ieswere probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drug
+
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
s thesubjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usua
]+ +
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
lly on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current th
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
erapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rational
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
e foryour answer.
]+ +
] ]+
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug
] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] +
for thissample.
] + +
]
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this samp
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
le?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
+
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resul
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ted in ratio- ]+ ]+
level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
]+level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gr
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ay,2017; Knapp, 2017).
+
] ]+ ]+
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a stud
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
y:What category identifies your current income as an RN?
+
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
a. Less than $50,000
] + ]+ ]+
b. $50,000 to 59,999
] + ]+ ]+
c. $60,000 to 69,999
] + ]+ ]+
d. $70,000 to 80,000
] + ]+ ]+
e. $80,000 or greater
] + ]+ ]+
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income cate
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
go- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ended
AG 1-1 ]+
, AG 1-2
]+ Answer] + Guidelines] + for] + Questions] + to] + Be] + Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
-
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark
+
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be cha
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ngedto greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ord
+
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grov
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
e & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rate
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
d their symp-
]+ ]+
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depressio
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
n symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
et al., 2017).
]+ ]+
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores f
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
orthe cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
+
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] +
scoresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-
+
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of dat
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
a (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importan
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ce of this result.
]+ ]+ ]+
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the gr
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
eater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of thes
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ +
]
ubjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increase
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
s, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distre
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ss, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especial
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ly thosein higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
]+ +
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated wi
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
th an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest wh
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ole percent (%).]+ ]+
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample includ
]+ ]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+
ed 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]
+patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 –
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
]+15 = 91). The group percent is calculatedby the following formula: (group frequen
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ +
] ] + ] + ] + ] + ] +
cy ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 1
] + ]+ ] + ] + ] + ]+ ] + ] + ] + +
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
00% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest wh
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+]+ +
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ole percent as directed in the question. You could havealso subtracted the 14% of patie
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ +
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
nts treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
an antidepressant.
]+ ]+
9. What was the purpose of the 6- ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in clinical practice?
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6- ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,steady-
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ +
]
state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to determ
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional statusscore c
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ +
] ]+
ould be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional statuso
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ +
]
f cardiac patients.
]+ ]+
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels o ] + ] +
+
]
fMeasurement: Nominal, O
+]
rdinal, Interval, and Ratio ] +
]+
] + ] +
]+
1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
a rationale for your answer.
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categor
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ieswere probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drug
+
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
s thesubjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usua
]+ +
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
lly on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current th
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
erapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rational
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
e foryour answer.
]+ +
] ]+
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug
] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] +
for thissample.
] + +
]
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this samp
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
le?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
+
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resul
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ted in ratio- ]+ ]+
level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
]+level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gr
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ay,2017; Knapp, 2017).
+
] ]+ ]+
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a stud
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
y:What category identifies your current income as an RN?
+
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
a. Less than $50,000
] + ]+ ]+
b. $50,000 to 59,999
] + ]+ ]+
c. $60,000 to 69,999
] + ]+ ]+
d. $70,000 to 80,000
] + ]+ ]+
e. $80,000 or greater
] + ]+ ]+
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income cate
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
go- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ended
AG 1-1 ]+
, AG 1-2
]+ Answer] + Guidelines] + for] + Questions] + to] + Be] + Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
-
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark
+
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be cha
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ngedto greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ord
+
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grov
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
e & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rate
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
d their symp-
]+ ]+
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depressio
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
n symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
et al., 2017).
]+ ]+
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores f
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
orthe cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
+
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ] +
scoresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-
+
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of dat
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
a (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importan
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ce of this result.
]+ ]+ ]+
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the gr
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
eater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of thes
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ +
]
ubjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increase
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
s, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distre
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ss, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especial
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ly thosein higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
]+ +
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated wi
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
th an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest wh
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ole percent (%).]+ ]+
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample includ
]+ ]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+
ed 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]
+patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 –
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
]+15 = 91). The group percent is calculatedby the following formula: (group frequen
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ +
] ] + ] + ] + ] + ] +
cy ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 1
] + ]+ ] + ] + ] + ]+ ] + ] + ] + +
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
00% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest wh
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+]+ +
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ole percent as directed in the question. You could havealso subtracted the 14% of patie
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ +
] ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
nts treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
an antidepressant.
]+ ]+
9. What was the purpose of the 6- ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in clinical practice?
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6- ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,steady-
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ +
]
state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to determ
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+
ine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional statusscore c
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ ]+]+ +
] ]+
ould be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional statuso
]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ ]+ +
]
f cardiac patients.
]+ ]+
