Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam 2025/2026 with Solution

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Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by
A. Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters
B. Inhibiting the production of myelin around nerves
C. Increasing the resting membrane potential
D. Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves
A




Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the
extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:
A. Osmotic Forces
B. Plasma Oncotic Pressure
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Hydrostatic forces
A




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Two thirds of the body's water is found in its
a. Interstitial fluid spaces
b. Vascular system
c. Intracellular fluid compartments
d. Intraocular fluids
C




A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and
aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional
correlate to this behavior?
a. Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
b. Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
c. Sodium 149 mEq/L
d. Potassium 2.5 mEq/L
B




A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the
professional assess for hyperkalemia?
a. Hyperparathyroidism
b. Vomiting
c. Renal failure
d. Hyperaldosteronism
C




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A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the
professional assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority? a. Hepatitis
b. Renal failure
c. Trauma to the hypothalamus d. Pancreatitis
B




Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene?
a. X-linked dominant
b. X-linked recessive
c. Autosomal dominant
d. Autosomal recessive
D




People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the condition
because of which genetic principle?
a. Penetrance
b. Expressivity
c. Dominance
d. Recessiveness
B




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What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. Paternal nondisjunction
b. Maternal translocations
c. Maternal nondisjunction
d. Paternal translocation
C




What does activation of the classical pathway begin with? a. Viruses
b. Antigen-antibody complexes c. Mast cells
d. Macrophages
B.
Activation of the classical pathway begins only with the activation of protein C1
and is preceded by the formation of a complex between an antigen and an
antibody to form an antigen-antibody complex (immune complex). Infection with
a virus can lead to the start of the inflammatory process, but is not the specific
activation factor. Mast cells release the contents of their granules to initiate
synthesis of other mediators of inflammation among other actions. Macrophages
are one cell type involved in phagocytosis.




In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways
converge at which factor?
a. XII
b. VII




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