NURS 231 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW 2026 SOLVED
QUESTIONS DETAILED ANSWERS
◉ Which of the following are clinical manifestations of left-sided heart
failure? (Select all that apply)
- Jugular Vein Distention
- Cough with Frothy Sputum
- Crackles Auscultated in Lungs
- Dyspnea. Answer: - Cough with Frothy Sputum
- Crackles auscultated in lungs
- Dyspnea
◉ Which medications would be used to treat a patient with heart failure?
- Antibiotics and Steroids
- Vitamin D and Calcium
- Calcium Channel Blockers and Zafron
- ACE Inhibitors and Beta-Blockers. Answer: ACE inhibitors and Beta-
Blockers
◉ Which of the following is often the cause of pulmonary embolism?
- An autoimmune disorder
,- A venous blood clot from lower extremity
- An increase in intracranial pressure
- Hypotension. Answer: - A venous blood clot from lower extremity
◉ Virchow's Triad contributes to pulmonary embolism formation.
Virchow's Triad factors include all of the following except:
- Venous Blood Stasis
- Damage to the venous wall
- Venous blood hypermobility
- Increased blood coagulability. Answer: Venous blood hypermobility
◉ How does unstable angina pectoris differ from stable angina pectoris?
- Can only be diagnosed by changes in cardiac biomarkers
- manifests in ECG changes only
- Is not relieved by periods of rest
- Not as serious as stable angina. Answer: Not relieved by periods of rest
◉ Which of the following organs are primarily affected by poorly
managed hypertension?
- Bladder and Urethra
- Brain and Skin
- Heart and Kidneys
,- Stomach and Intestines. Answer: Heart and Kidneys
◉ Management of hypertension involves multiple approaches including
which of the following?
- Dietary Modifications
- Engaging in regular exercise routines
- Prescribing diuretics and/or anti-hypertensives
- All of the above. Answer: All of the above
◉ When arterial blood pressure declines, the cells of the kidneys secrete
a hormone called ___ to increase blood pressure and peripheral
resistance.
- Renin
- Antidiuretic Hormone
- Atrial Natriuretic
- Erythropoietin. Answer: Renin
◉ Which of the following are examples of complications of shock?
(Select all that apply)
- Multiple Organ Dysfunction
- Acute Renal Failure
- Clotting and Bleeding Disorders
- Increased Cardiac Output. Answer: - Multiple Organ Dysfunction
, - Acute renal failure
- Clotting and Bleeding disorders
◉ What pathophysiological responses would you expect to find in a
client who has anaphylactic shock?
- Bronchodilation, Peripheral constriction, Decreased capillary
permeability
- Asthma, Deep vein thrombosis, hepatic encephalopathy
- Bronchoconstriction, peripheral dilation, increased capillary
permeability
- Left-sided heart failure, pulmonary embolism, UTI. Answer:
Bronchoconstriction, Peripheral Dilation, Increased Capillary
Permeability
◉ What is the cause of Cardiogenic Shock?
- Severe Ventricular Dysfunction
- Acute Blood Loss
- Severe Atrial Dysfunction
- Suppression of the Sympathetic Nervous System. Answer: Severe
ventricular dysfunction
◉ What is occurring in the body of clients with hypovolemic shock?
- Inadequate stomach acid
- Insufficient circulating blood volume
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW 2026 SOLVED
QUESTIONS DETAILED ANSWERS
◉ Which of the following are clinical manifestations of left-sided heart
failure? (Select all that apply)
- Jugular Vein Distention
- Cough with Frothy Sputum
- Crackles Auscultated in Lungs
- Dyspnea. Answer: - Cough with Frothy Sputum
- Crackles auscultated in lungs
- Dyspnea
◉ Which medications would be used to treat a patient with heart failure?
- Antibiotics and Steroids
- Vitamin D and Calcium
- Calcium Channel Blockers and Zafron
- ACE Inhibitors and Beta-Blockers. Answer: ACE inhibitors and Beta-
Blockers
◉ Which of the following is often the cause of pulmonary embolism?
- An autoimmune disorder
,- A venous blood clot from lower extremity
- An increase in intracranial pressure
- Hypotension. Answer: - A venous blood clot from lower extremity
◉ Virchow's Triad contributes to pulmonary embolism formation.
Virchow's Triad factors include all of the following except:
- Venous Blood Stasis
- Damage to the venous wall
- Venous blood hypermobility
- Increased blood coagulability. Answer: Venous blood hypermobility
◉ How does unstable angina pectoris differ from stable angina pectoris?
- Can only be diagnosed by changes in cardiac biomarkers
- manifests in ECG changes only
- Is not relieved by periods of rest
- Not as serious as stable angina. Answer: Not relieved by periods of rest
◉ Which of the following organs are primarily affected by poorly
managed hypertension?
- Bladder and Urethra
- Brain and Skin
- Heart and Kidneys
,- Stomach and Intestines. Answer: Heart and Kidneys
◉ Management of hypertension involves multiple approaches including
which of the following?
- Dietary Modifications
- Engaging in regular exercise routines
- Prescribing diuretics and/or anti-hypertensives
- All of the above. Answer: All of the above
◉ When arterial blood pressure declines, the cells of the kidneys secrete
a hormone called ___ to increase blood pressure and peripheral
resistance.
- Renin
- Antidiuretic Hormone
- Atrial Natriuretic
- Erythropoietin. Answer: Renin
◉ Which of the following are examples of complications of shock?
(Select all that apply)
- Multiple Organ Dysfunction
- Acute Renal Failure
- Clotting and Bleeding Disorders
- Increased Cardiac Output. Answer: - Multiple Organ Dysfunction
, - Acute renal failure
- Clotting and Bleeding disorders
◉ What pathophysiological responses would you expect to find in a
client who has anaphylactic shock?
- Bronchodilation, Peripheral constriction, Decreased capillary
permeability
- Asthma, Deep vein thrombosis, hepatic encephalopathy
- Bronchoconstriction, peripheral dilation, increased capillary
permeability
- Left-sided heart failure, pulmonary embolism, UTI. Answer:
Bronchoconstriction, Peripheral Dilation, Increased Capillary
Permeability
◉ What is the cause of Cardiogenic Shock?
- Severe Ventricular Dysfunction
- Acute Blood Loss
- Severe Atrial Dysfunction
- Suppression of the Sympathetic Nervous System. Answer: Severe
ventricular dysfunction
◉ What is occurring in the body of clients with hypovolemic shock?
- Inadequate stomach acid
- Insufficient circulating blood volume
