MCAT Kaplan — Biology Chapter 1 | High-Yield Study and Practice Material

MCAT Kaplan - Biology: Chapter 1
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1. What are the aspects of cell theory?: (1) all living things are composed of cells
(2) cells are the basic unit of life
(3) cells arise from preexisting cells
(4) cells carry and inherit DNA
2. nucleus: - contains DNA
- site of Transcription
3. mitochondria: - site of electron transport chain (ATP production)
- involved in apoptosis
- has its own DNA
- can reproduce independently
4. lysosome: - digests waste and products of endocytosis
- can be involved in apoptosis
5. rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): translation of proteins
6. smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER): - lipid synthesis
- detoxification
7. golgi apparatus: packages, modifies and distributes cellular products
8. peroxisome: - breakdown of fatty acids
- phospholipid synthesis
- contribute to the pentose phosphate pathway
9. A child is diagnosed with an enzyme deficiency that prevents the production
of hydrogen peroxide. What would the likely outcome be of such a deficiency?-
: inability to digest fatty acids, which would build up in peroxisomes, resulting in cell death
10. What is the predominant protein in microfilaments?: actin
11. What is the predominant protein in microtubules?: tubulin
12. What is the predominant protein in intermediate filaments?: differ by cell type, but
include keratin and desmin
13. How do the cytoskeletal structures of centrioles and flagella differ?: centrioles:
consist of 9 triplets of microtubules around a hollow center

flagella: consist of 9 doublets on outside w/ 2 microtubules on inside (9+2 structure)
14. Are fibroblasts, which produce collagen in a number of organs, epithelial or
connective tissue cells?: connective tissue cells
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, MCAT Kaplan - Biology: Chapter 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_93t0mg

15. Are endothelial cells, which line blood vessels, epithelial or connective tissue
cells?: epithelial cells
16. Are alpha-cells, which produce glucagon in the pancreas, epithelial or con-
nective tissue cells?: epithelial cells
17. Are chondroblasts, which produce cartilage, epithelial or connective tissue?-
: connective tissue cells
18. Are osteoblasts, which produce osteoid, the material that hardens into bone,
epithelial or connective tissue?: connective tissue cells
19. In what ways are archaea similar to bacteria?: - both are single-celled organisms that lack
a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
- contain a singular circular chromosome
- divide by binary fission or budding
- overall share a similar structure
20. In what ways are archaea similar to eukaryotes?: - start translation with Methionine
- contain similar RNA polymerases
- associate their DNA with histones
21. What are the common shapes of bacteria?: (1) cocci (spherical)
(2) bacili (rods)
(3) spirilli (spiral-shaped)
22. obligate aerobe: require oxygen for metabolism
23. facultative anaerobe: can do aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
24. aerotolerant anaerobe: can survive in oxygen, but cannot use oxygen for metabolism
25. obligateanaerobe: cannot survive in oxygen
26. How do the envelopes of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria differ?-
: gram-positive: thick layer of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid; no outer membrane

gram-negative: thin layer of PG, but also have an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids
27. How do the structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella differ?: eukaryotic:
microtubules of tubulin in a 9+2 arrangement

prokaryotic: made of flagellin and consist of a filament, a basal body, and a hook


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