genetia Concept
genotype genetic makeupCall alleles In DNA)
traits determined by genotype/environment
Phenotype observable physical/biochemical
ploidy number of sets of chromosomes in a cell ; naploid (n) or diploid (2n)
haploid one set of chromosomes (gametes)
d ibloid two sets of chromosomes (somatic cells in humans)
ploidy formula total number of chromosome sets in an organisms genome (ex : 2n = 46]
evi
natural selection increased adaptation means increased fitness (variation , competition , reproduction)
descent with modification species evolve over time , leading to the adaptations that increase fitness
Struggle for existance "survival of the fittest" advantageous traits are passed down
evolution change in genetic composition of population over time (mutation , gene flow , genetic drift)
genetic variation essential for evolution , caused by mutations, recombination , sexual reproduction
mutation introduction of new genetic material
v
recombination during meiosis creates genetic diversity among offspring
-
Genetic drift can lead to changes in allele frequencies in small populations impacting evolutionary trajectories
-
Mandelian genetics (dom/rec) alleles interact
-
Inheritance of traits governed by to produce phenotypes
point mutation
changes in Single base Pair of DNA (Silence , missense , nonsense)
Insertion/detection add/remove bases In DNA (frameshift)
chromosomal mutation large scale changes (duplication inversion
, detation ,
, translocation)
Phylogenetic S
Phylogenetics study of evolutionary relationships among organisms ,
often represented as phylogenetic trees
·
monophyletic groups includes an ancestor and all its decedents
Dara/DolyDhyletic groups do not include all descendents
parsimony simplest explanation (fewrest changes) is preferred when constructing evolutionary trees
adaptation traits that chance fitness in environment as a result of natural selection
homologous structures provide evidence of common ancestry
analogous structures arise from convergent evolution (adaptation to similar environments)
microbials
prokaryotes no true nucleus/organelles , circular chromosome
eukaryotes nucleus and multiple linear chromosomes
Metabolism all chemical reactions inside a cell (catabolism :
breaking molecules)/anabolism :
breaking molecules)
energy Photo <light) , Chemo (Chemical , auto <Carbon)
Oygen requirements vary ,
aerobic need , anarobic ones don't
it
Dathogens producing toxins ,
evasion of immunity , biofilm formation
Shades Cocci , bacilli , Spirilla
antibiotic resistance antibiotic misuse Bacterial restance Genes VIA HGT
evo,n + i0n
alternation of generation reproductive cycle includinghaploid (gametophyte) and diploid [sporophyte) phases
Y
gymnosperms wind pollinated
(diploid embryo dependent on sporophyte) = no water fertilization
angiosperms wind/ animal pollinated
& ut microbia
apical meristems regions of active cell division (allowing growth / developement of specialized tissues)
Organism classification based on evolutionary relationships
genetic variation discrete (qualitative) , quantitative traits (colour and height)
Mendelian genetics dominant (1) , recessive (2) ; segregation during meiosis (p2 + 2pq + q = 1)
Genetic drift can result in non-adaptive evolutionary changes where alleles that are not beneficial become fixed
bottleneck effect population size reduced drastically = loss of genetic diversity
founder effect loss of genetic variation when new population established by individuals in a larger one
Diological species ability to produce viable fer tile offspring through Interbreeding
Morphological species physical traits , Fossils/asexual organisms (subjective)
ecological species ecological (differentiation) among similar looking organisms
niche
phylogenetic species group sharing common ancestor
smallest
Isolation (genetic divergence/ speciation) low/zero gene flow
alliopatric speciation Geographic
Sympatric speciation takes place without geographic Isolation <Polyploidy/ behavioral isolation)
reinforcement natural selection strengthens prezygotic barriers where hybrids are less fit
directional selection favours one extreme phenotype (shifting mean trait value)
St abalizing selection favours intermediate phenotype (reducing variation)
distruptive selection favours
both extreme Phenotypes over intermediate ones (speciation)
genotype genetic makeupCall alleles In DNA)
traits determined by genotype/environment
Phenotype observable physical/biochemical
ploidy number of sets of chromosomes in a cell ; naploid (n) or diploid (2n)
haploid one set of chromosomes (gametes)
d ibloid two sets of chromosomes (somatic cells in humans)
ploidy formula total number of chromosome sets in an organisms genome (ex : 2n = 46]
evi
natural selection increased adaptation means increased fitness (variation , competition , reproduction)
descent with modification species evolve over time , leading to the adaptations that increase fitness
Struggle for existance "survival of the fittest" advantageous traits are passed down
evolution change in genetic composition of population over time (mutation , gene flow , genetic drift)
genetic variation essential for evolution , caused by mutations, recombination , sexual reproduction
mutation introduction of new genetic material
v
recombination during meiosis creates genetic diversity among offspring
-
Genetic drift can lead to changes in allele frequencies in small populations impacting evolutionary trajectories
-
Mandelian genetics (dom/rec) alleles interact
-
Inheritance of traits governed by to produce phenotypes
point mutation
changes in Single base Pair of DNA (Silence , missense , nonsense)
Insertion/detection add/remove bases In DNA (frameshift)
chromosomal mutation large scale changes (duplication inversion
, detation ,
, translocation)
Phylogenetic S
Phylogenetics study of evolutionary relationships among organisms ,
often represented as phylogenetic trees
·
monophyletic groups includes an ancestor and all its decedents
Dara/DolyDhyletic groups do not include all descendents
parsimony simplest explanation (fewrest changes) is preferred when constructing evolutionary trees
adaptation traits that chance fitness in environment as a result of natural selection
homologous structures provide evidence of common ancestry
analogous structures arise from convergent evolution (adaptation to similar environments)
microbials
prokaryotes no true nucleus/organelles , circular chromosome
eukaryotes nucleus and multiple linear chromosomes
Metabolism all chemical reactions inside a cell (catabolism :
breaking molecules)/anabolism :
breaking molecules)
energy Photo <light) , Chemo (Chemical , auto <Carbon)
Oygen requirements vary ,
aerobic need , anarobic ones don't
it
Dathogens producing toxins ,
evasion of immunity , biofilm formation
Shades Cocci , bacilli , Spirilla
antibiotic resistance antibiotic misuse Bacterial restance Genes VIA HGT
evo,n + i0n
alternation of generation reproductive cycle includinghaploid (gametophyte) and diploid [sporophyte) phases
Y
gymnosperms wind pollinated
(diploid embryo dependent on sporophyte) = no water fertilization
angiosperms wind/ animal pollinated
& ut microbia
apical meristems regions of active cell division (allowing growth / developement of specialized tissues)
Organism classification based on evolutionary relationships
genetic variation discrete (qualitative) , quantitative traits (colour and height)
Mendelian genetics dominant (1) , recessive (2) ; segregation during meiosis (p2 + 2pq + q = 1)
Genetic drift can result in non-adaptive evolutionary changes where alleles that are not beneficial become fixed
bottleneck effect population size reduced drastically = loss of genetic diversity
founder effect loss of genetic variation when new population established by individuals in a larger one
Diological species ability to produce viable fer tile offspring through Interbreeding
Morphological species physical traits , Fossils/asexual organisms (subjective)
ecological species ecological (differentiation) among similar looking organisms
niche
phylogenetic species group sharing common ancestor
smallest
Isolation (genetic divergence/ speciation) low/zero gene flow
alliopatric speciation Geographic
Sympatric speciation takes place without geographic Isolation <Polyploidy/ behavioral isolation)
reinforcement natural selection strengthens prezygotic barriers where hybrids are less fit
directional selection favours one extreme phenotype (shifting mean trait value)
St abalizing selection favours intermediate phenotype (reducing variation)
distruptive selection favours
both extreme Phenotypes over intermediate ones (speciation)
