HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 100 PRACTICE
SOLUTION 2026 SOLVED ITEMS CONFIRMED
A+
◉ phagocytosis. Answer: e.g., macrophages engulf bacteria and
release degraded (non-functional) bacteria back into extracellular
environemnt
◉ membrane potential. Answer: in normal conditions inside plasma
membrane is slightly negative (unequal distribution of charges
across membrane)
◉ contributing factors to membrane potential. Answer: 1)
differences in ion concentration
2) differences in permeability of membrane
◉ electrochemical gradient. Answer: sum of chemical and electrical
forces acting across the membrane
◉ tissue definition. Answer: collection of cell/cell products that
perform specific and limited functions
,◉ 4 types of tissues. Answer: 1) epithelial (covers exposed
surfaces/lines internal passages and forms glands)
2) connective (fills internal spaces, transports materials and stores
energy)
3) muscle (contracts for active movement0
4) neural (carries information via electrical impulses)
◉ epithelia and glands. Answer: layers of cells covering
internal/external surfaces
attached to/derived from epithelia; produce secretions
◉ 4 functions of epithelial tissue. Answer: 1) physical protection
2) control permeability
3) sensation (receptors and nerves)
4) specialised secretions
◉ characteristics of epithelial tissue. Answer: 1) polarity (apical and
basal layers)
2) avascular
3) can regenerate (stem cells)
◉ attachment for epithelial tissue. Answer: cell adhesion molecules
(CAM) and cell junctions
,◉ tight junctions for epithelial attachment. Answer: prevent
movement of solute + water between cells (e.g., blood-brain barrier)
◉ gap junction for epithelial attachment. Answer: pores between
cells that allow movement of ions/molecules
◉ desmosomes for epithelial attachment. Answer: linking of 2 cells
by CAM and cytoskeleton (larger than gap junction)
- found in superficial layers of skin
◉ simple squamous epithelial tissue. Answer: diffusion
◉ mesothelium squamous epithelial tissue`. Answer: lines body's
cavity's
◉ endothelium squamous epithelial tissue. Answer: lines
heart/vessels
◉ stratified squamous epithelial tissue. Answer: protection (e.g.,
skin, tongue)
◉ simple cuboidal and columnar epithelial tissue. Answer: secretion
and absortion
, ◉ stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue. Answer: swear ducts and
mammary glands
◉ pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue. Answer: cilia
movement
◉ stratified columnar columnar tissue. Answer: protection
◉ transitional columnar tissue. Answer: tolerates repeated cycles of
stretching/recoiling without damage (appearance can change when
stretching occurs e.g., urinary system)
◉ endocrine vs exocrine glands. Answer: release hormones into
interstitial fluid (without ducts) while exocrine glands produce
secretions onto epithelial surfaces (through ducts)
◉ 3 ways glands secret. Answer: 1) merocrine secretion (e.g., sweat
glands)
- watery solution released from secretory vesicles via exocytosis
2) apocrine secretion (e.g., mammory glands)
- secretory vesicles transported to apical region (contents released
via secretion + loss of cytoplasm)
3) holocrine secretion (e.g., sebaceous gland)
SOLUTION 2026 SOLVED ITEMS CONFIRMED
A+
◉ phagocytosis. Answer: e.g., macrophages engulf bacteria and
release degraded (non-functional) bacteria back into extracellular
environemnt
◉ membrane potential. Answer: in normal conditions inside plasma
membrane is slightly negative (unequal distribution of charges
across membrane)
◉ contributing factors to membrane potential. Answer: 1)
differences in ion concentration
2) differences in permeability of membrane
◉ electrochemical gradient. Answer: sum of chemical and electrical
forces acting across the membrane
◉ tissue definition. Answer: collection of cell/cell products that
perform specific and limited functions
,◉ 4 types of tissues. Answer: 1) epithelial (covers exposed
surfaces/lines internal passages and forms glands)
2) connective (fills internal spaces, transports materials and stores
energy)
3) muscle (contracts for active movement0
4) neural (carries information via electrical impulses)
◉ epithelia and glands. Answer: layers of cells covering
internal/external surfaces
attached to/derived from epithelia; produce secretions
◉ 4 functions of epithelial tissue. Answer: 1) physical protection
2) control permeability
3) sensation (receptors and nerves)
4) specialised secretions
◉ characteristics of epithelial tissue. Answer: 1) polarity (apical and
basal layers)
2) avascular
3) can regenerate (stem cells)
◉ attachment for epithelial tissue. Answer: cell adhesion molecules
(CAM) and cell junctions
,◉ tight junctions for epithelial attachment. Answer: prevent
movement of solute + water between cells (e.g., blood-brain barrier)
◉ gap junction for epithelial attachment. Answer: pores between
cells that allow movement of ions/molecules
◉ desmosomes for epithelial attachment. Answer: linking of 2 cells
by CAM and cytoskeleton (larger than gap junction)
- found in superficial layers of skin
◉ simple squamous epithelial tissue. Answer: diffusion
◉ mesothelium squamous epithelial tissue`. Answer: lines body's
cavity's
◉ endothelium squamous epithelial tissue. Answer: lines
heart/vessels
◉ stratified squamous epithelial tissue. Answer: protection (e.g.,
skin, tongue)
◉ simple cuboidal and columnar epithelial tissue. Answer: secretion
and absortion
, ◉ stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue. Answer: swear ducts and
mammary glands
◉ pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue. Answer: cilia
movement
◉ stratified columnar columnar tissue. Answer: protection
◉ transitional columnar tissue. Answer: tolerates repeated cycles of
stretching/recoiling without damage (appearance can change when
stretching occurs e.g., urinary system)
◉ endocrine vs exocrine glands. Answer: release hormones into
interstitial fluid (without ducts) while exocrine glands produce
secretions onto epithelial surfaces (through ducts)
◉ 3 ways glands secret. Answer: 1) merocrine secretion (e.g., sweat
glands)
- watery solution released from secretory vesicles via exocytosis
2) apocrine secretion (e.g., mammory glands)
- secretory vesicles transported to apical region (contents released
via secretion + loss of cytoplasm)
3) holocrine secretion (e.g., sebaceous gland)
