BIOLOGY 101 LATEST 2026 EXAM TEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Who is Francesco Redi? - ✔✔- conducted first "controlled" experiment
- tested whether life could arise spontaneously
- living things vs. biogenesis (came from life)
- took 4 different animals and used a control group (covered it from flies)
- findings were not accepted at first; idea of spontaneous life did not go away until
Pasteur
✔✔Microscopes - ✔✔- windows to the world of cells
- types: compound (light), electron (scanning and transition)
- parts of a microscope
1) eyepiece (what you look through)
2) ocular lens ( tube that adds 10 x the magnification)
3) objective lens ( revolving noise piece: 4x, 10x, 40x)
- magnification is actually: 40x, 100x, 400 x
4) stage (holds the speciman, moves up/down/left/right)
5) slide clip (holds the slide in place)
6) condensor (allows light to pass through; can adjust)
8) light source
9) fine knob adj. (small knob on side)
10) coarse know adj. (big knob on side)
- wet mount slide: how to slide water onto a slide for a sample
✔✔Magnification vs. Resolving Power - ✔✔- magnification: ratio of object size to real
size
- resolving power: measure of image clarity
- inverse relationship:
- mag. increases, resol. decreases
- resolve increases, mag. decreases
✔✔SEM (scanning electron microscope) - ✔✔- resolve smaller structure
- focuses beam of electrons through speciman onto surface
- can see large molecules
✔✔TEM (transition electron microscope) - ✔✔- study internal structure of cells
- electron beams through thin section of speciman stained with atoms of a heavy metal
✔✔Light Microscope - ✔✔- uses mirrors and lights
- most basic type of microscope
- magnifies effectively 1,000x
- can see organelle structures surrounded by a cell membrane
✔✔Lab Time with Cells - ✔✔- air bubbles: be sure to identify them
, - can identify onion cells: will be able to see nucleus, cell wall, and outer membrane
- plant cells: (stain with iodine)
- can see cell wall, plasma (cell membrane),
centeral valuole, nucleus, cytoplasm
- animal cells: (stain with methelyne blue)
- can see plasma (cell membrane), nucleus,
cytoplasm
✔✔Plant Cells - ✔✔- cell wall (only in plants; nonliving layer; structure)
- central valcuole (fills entire center of cell; fluid; stockpiles proteins and ions; stores
wastes and defensive compounds)
- nucleus ("brain"; directs production of compounds in cell)
- cytoplasm ("liquid", holds all the organelles in place)
- cell membrane (regulates what goes in and out; protection/barrier; structure- keeps
everything in)
✔✔Animal Cells - ✔✔- plasma (cell membrane)
- nucleus
-cytoplasm
✔✔Organism to Molecules - ✔✔organisms- cells- molecules-atoms
- molecules are atoms joined together by some chemical bond
✔✔Atoms - ✔✔- fundamental building blocks of life
- made up of protons, electrons, neutrons
- carbon is most important
- building block of life
- 4 elements make up almost everything (carbon,
oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen)
- covalent bond (single); four make up most common
form with carbon and hydrogen
- macromolecule: biological molecules that are large
- made up of C, O, H, N strung together
- 4 macromolecules in our body: (carbs, proteins, lipids/ fats, nucleic acids)
- "organic"- term for type of chemical dealing with carbon
✔✔Macromolecules - ✔✔- may be composed of thousands of atoms
- carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
- cannot store protein
- only three form polymers (chainlike molecules linked by covalent bonds)
- lipids do not form polymers (it is made up of two units- fatty acids and glycerol)
- monomers (repeated units of small molecules) (build up polymers)
✔✔Compounds - ✔✔- consists of 2 or more molecules
- not a polymer
- ie: table salt
ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Who is Francesco Redi? - ✔✔- conducted first "controlled" experiment
- tested whether life could arise spontaneously
- living things vs. biogenesis (came from life)
- took 4 different animals and used a control group (covered it from flies)
- findings were not accepted at first; idea of spontaneous life did not go away until
Pasteur
✔✔Microscopes - ✔✔- windows to the world of cells
- types: compound (light), electron (scanning and transition)
- parts of a microscope
1) eyepiece (what you look through)
2) ocular lens ( tube that adds 10 x the magnification)
3) objective lens ( revolving noise piece: 4x, 10x, 40x)
- magnification is actually: 40x, 100x, 400 x
4) stage (holds the speciman, moves up/down/left/right)
5) slide clip (holds the slide in place)
6) condensor (allows light to pass through; can adjust)
8) light source
9) fine knob adj. (small knob on side)
10) coarse know adj. (big knob on side)
- wet mount slide: how to slide water onto a slide for a sample
✔✔Magnification vs. Resolving Power - ✔✔- magnification: ratio of object size to real
size
- resolving power: measure of image clarity
- inverse relationship:
- mag. increases, resol. decreases
- resolve increases, mag. decreases
✔✔SEM (scanning electron microscope) - ✔✔- resolve smaller structure
- focuses beam of electrons through speciman onto surface
- can see large molecules
✔✔TEM (transition electron microscope) - ✔✔- study internal structure of cells
- electron beams through thin section of speciman stained with atoms of a heavy metal
✔✔Light Microscope - ✔✔- uses mirrors and lights
- most basic type of microscope
- magnifies effectively 1,000x
- can see organelle structures surrounded by a cell membrane
✔✔Lab Time with Cells - ✔✔- air bubbles: be sure to identify them
, - can identify onion cells: will be able to see nucleus, cell wall, and outer membrane
- plant cells: (stain with iodine)
- can see cell wall, plasma (cell membrane),
centeral valuole, nucleus, cytoplasm
- animal cells: (stain with methelyne blue)
- can see plasma (cell membrane), nucleus,
cytoplasm
✔✔Plant Cells - ✔✔- cell wall (only in plants; nonliving layer; structure)
- central valcuole (fills entire center of cell; fluid; stockpiles proteins and ions; stores
wastes and defensive compounds)
- nucleus ("brain"; directs production of compounds in cell)
- cytoplasm ("liquid", holds all the organelles in place)
- cell membrane (regulates what goes in and out; protection/barrier; structure- keeps
everything in)
✔✔Animal Cells - ✔✔- plasma (cell membrane)
- nucleus
-cytoplasm
✔✔Organism to Molecules - ✔✔organisms- cells- molecules-atoms
- molecules are atoms joined together by some chemical bond
✔✔Atoms - ✔✔- fundamental building blocks of life
- made up of protons, electrons, neutrons
- carbon is most important
- building block of life
- 4 elements make up almost everything (carbon,
oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen)
- covalent bond (single); four make up most common
form with carbon and hydrogen
- macromolecule: biological molecules that are large
- made up of C, O, H, N strung together
- 4 macromolecules in our body: (carbs, proteins, lipids/ fats, nucleic acids)
- "organic"- term for type of chemical dealing with carbon
✔✔Macromolecules - ✔✔- may be composed of thousands of atoms
- carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
- cannot store protein
- only three form polymers (chainlike molecules linked by covalent bonds)
- lipids do not form polymers (it is made up of two units- fatty acids and glycerol)
- monomers (repeated units of small molecules) (build up polymers)
✔✔Compounds - ✔✔- consists of 2 or more molecules
- not a polymer
- ie: table salt
