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MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology
Final Questions and Answers Latest
2026
Nephrotic syndrome Ans: characterized by massive
proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids
are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and
with an immune response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal Ans: Lesions that
involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are
termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of
the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental
glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental Ans: When a
whole glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is
termed global, and the lesion is considered segmental if
only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis Ans: An inflammatory disorder of
the glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of
activation of immune mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome Ans: Associated with
glomerulonephritis and an immune response that is
inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes,
red blood cells, and plasma proteins which occur as a
result of inflammation.
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1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt
retention -- periorbital edema and hypertension(salt/fluid
retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine--
Immune Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a
attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor Ans: refers
to an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial,
endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra capillary
space, this forms specific lesions that are termed
crescents, which are made of macrophages, fibroblasts,
and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the
Bowman space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor Ans: refers to
glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is
between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as
interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor Ans: refers
to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy Ans: A
common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate
gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by age
50.
Bladder cancer Ans: cancerous tumor that arises from the
cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis Ans: History
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physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis Ans: An abnormal dilation of the renal
pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs
secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) Ans: inherited disease in
which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
Renal cell carcinoma Ans: cancerous tumor that arises
from kidney tubule cells; most frequently occurring
kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50-70
years of age).
Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms Ans:
Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
© 2025 All rights reserved
MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology
Final Questions and Answers Latest
2026
Nephrotic syndrome Ans: characterized by massive
proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids
are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and
with an immune response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal Ans: Lesions that
involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are
termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of
the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental
glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental Ans: When a
whole glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is
termed global, and the lesion is considered segmental if
only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis Ans: An inflammatory disorder of
the glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of
activation of immune mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome Ans: Associated with
glomerulonephritis and an immune response that is
inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes,
red blood cells, and plasma proteins which occur as a
result of inflammation.
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 2 | Page
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt
retention -- periorbital edema and hypertension(salt/fluid
retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine--
Immune Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a
attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor Ans: refers
to an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial,
endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra capillary
space, this forms specific lesions that are termed
crescents, which are made of macrophages, fibroblasts,
and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the
Bowman space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor Ans: refers to
glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is
between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as
interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor Ans: refers
to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy Ans: A
common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate
gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by age
50.
Bladder cancer Ans: cancerous tumor that arises from the
cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis Ans: History
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 3 | Page
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis Ans: An abnormal dilation of the renal
pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs
secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) Ans: inherited disease in
which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
Renal cell carcinoma Ans: cancerous tumor that arises
from kidney tubule cells; most frequently occurring
kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50-70
years of age).
Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms Ans:
Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
© 2025 All rights reserved
