WGU D312 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT/WGU
D312 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OA FINAL
EXAM 2026/2027 WITH ACTUAL CORRECT
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED
ANSWERS |CURRENTLY TESTING
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS|ALREADY
GRADED A+ |JUST
RELEASED!!|GUARANTEED PASS
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane.
What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution?
Cells will shrivel as water leaves the cell via osmosis.
Why is it important for cells to be in an isotonic environment?
To ensure the concentration of water molecules is the same outside and inside the cells,
maintaining their normal shape and function.
What is the main difference between diffusion and filtration in passive transport?
Diffusion moves substances from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration, while
filtration uses a hydrostatic pressure gradient to move fluid and solutes from a higher pressure
area to a lower pressure area.
How does the circulatory system use filtration?
The circulatory system uses filtration to move plasma and substances across the endothelial
lining of capillaries into surrounding tissues, supplying cells with nutrients.
1|Page
,What is the role of ATP in active transport?
ATP is required to move substances across a membrane, often with the help of protein carriers,
and usually against their concentration gradient.
Describe the function of the sodium-potassium pump.
The sodium-potassium pump transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell,
maintaining an electrical gradient across the cell membrane. It moves three sodium ions out
and two potassium ions in for each ATP molecule used.
What are the tiny passageways that allow the passage of proteins, RNA, and solutes between
the nucleus and the cytoplasm?
Nuclear pores
What is the region of the nucleus responsible for manufacturing the RNA necessary for the
construction of ribosomes?
Nucleolus
What is a single, wrapped DNA-histone complex called?
Nucleosome
What is the condensed form of chromatin that is composed of DNA and proteins?
Chromosome
What is the term for the full complement of proteins in a cell?
Proteome
What is a functional segment of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a
protein?
Gene
2|Page
,What process transforms the information coded in a gene to a final gene product, ultimately
dictating the structure and function of a cell?
Gene expression
What is the process of copying DNA that occurs before cell division?
DNA replication
What term describes DNA replication where each new DNA molecule contains one original
strand and one newly synthesized strand?
Semiconservative
Which enzyme untwists and separates the two strands of DNA during the initiation stage of DNA
replication?
Helicase
Which enzyme adds free nucleotides to the end of a DNA chain during the elongation stage of
DNA replication?
DNA polymerase
What is the single-stranded nucleic acid that carries a copy of the genetic code from the nucleus
to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis?
mRNA (messenger RNA)
What is the process called that synthesizes a strand of mRNA complementary to a gene of
interest?
Transcription
What is the first phase of mitosis during which chromatin coils and condenses into visible
chromosomes?
Prophase
3|Page
, What is the structure composed of centrosomes and their emerging microtubules called?
Mitotic spindle
What is the protein structure on the centromere that attaches the mitotic spindle to the sister
chromatids?
Kinetochore
During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids line up along a linear plane in the middle of
the cell?
Metaphase
What is the final stage of mitosis characterized by the formation of two new daughter nuclei?
Telophase
What is the contractile band made up of microfilaments that forms around the midline of the
cell during cytokinesis?
Cleavage furrow
What are the structural and functional units of all living organisms, primarily formed from
elements like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus?
Cells
What are the sex cells used to pass on genes from generation to generation?
Germ cells
What type of cells include epithelial cells, blood cells, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, muscle cells, and
nerve cells?
Somatic cells
What is the most common type of blood cell that binds oxygen in the lungs and carries it to
tissues throughout the body?
4|Page
D312 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OA FINAL
EXAM 2026/2027 WITH ACTUAL CORRECT
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED
ANSWERS |CURRENTLY TESTING
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS|ALREADY
GRADED A+ |JUST
RELEASED!!|GUARANTEED PASS
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane.
What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution?
Cells will shrivel as water leaves the cell via osmosis.
Why is it important for cells to be in an isotonic environment?
To ensure the concentration of water molecules is the same outside and inside the cells,
maintaining their normal shape and function.
What is the main difference between diffusion and filtration in passive transport?
Diffusion moves substances from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration, while
filtration uses a hydrostatic pressure gradient to move fluid and solutes from a higher pressure
area to a lower pressure area.
How does the circulatory system use filtration?
The circulatory system uses filtration to move plasma and substances across the endothelial
lining of capillaries into surrounding tissues, supplying cells with nutrients.
1|Page
,What is the role of ATP in active transport?
ATP is required to move substances across a membrane, often with the help of protein carriers,
and usually against their concentration gradient.
Describe the function of the sodium-potassium pump.
The sodium-potassium pump transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell,
maintaining an electrical gradient across the cell membrane. It moves three sodium ions out
and two potassium ions in for each ATP molecule used.
What are the tiny passageways that allow the passage of proteins, RNA, and solutes between
the nucleus and the cytoplasm?
Nuclear pores
What is the region of the nucleus responsible for manufacturing the RNA necessary for the
construction of ribosomes?
Nucleolus
What is a single, wrapped DNA-histone complex called?
Nucleosome
What is the condensed form of chromatin that is composed of DNA and proteins?
Chromosome
What is the term for the full complement of proteins in a cell?
Proteome
What is a functional segment of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a
protein?
Gene
2|Page
,What process transforms the information coded in a gene to a final gene product, ultimately
dictating the structure and function of a cell?
Gene expression
What is the process of copying DNA that occurs before cell division?
DNA replication
What term describes DNA replication where each new DNA molecule contains one original
strand and one newly synthesized strand?
Semiconservative
Which enzyme untwists and separates the two strands of DNA during the initiation stage of DNA
replication?
Helicase
Which enzyme adds free nucleotides to the end of a DNA chain during the elongation stage of
DNA replication?
DNA polymerase
What is the single-stranded nucleic acid that carries a copy of the genetic code from the nucleus
to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis?
mRNA (messenger RNA)
What is the process called that synthesizes a strand of mRNA complementary to a gene of
interest?
Transcription
What is the first phase of mitosis during which chromatin coils and condenses into visible
chromosomes?
Prophase
3|Page
, What is the structure composed of centrosomes and their emerging microtubules called?
Mitotic spindle
What is the protein structure on the centromere that attaches the mitotic spindle to the sister
chromatids?
Kinetochore
During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids line up along a linear plane in the middle of
the cell?
Metaphase
What is the final stage of mitosis characterized by the formation of two new daughter nuclei?
Telophase
What is the contractile band made up of microfilaments that forms around the midline of the
cell during cytokinesis?
Cleavage furrow
What are the structural and functional units of all living organisms, primarily formed from
elements like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus?
Cells
What are the sex cells used to pass on genes from generation to generation?
Germ cells
What type of cells include epithelial cells, blood cells, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, muscle cells, and
nerve cells?
Somatic cells
What is the most common type of blood cell that binds oxygen in the lungs and carries it to
tissues throughout the body?
4|Page
