TRACE ELEMENTS AND VITAMINS QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

TRACE ELEMENTS AND VITAMINS
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
EssentialA2TraceA2ElementsA2-A2Ans--
ConsideredA2essentialA2ifA2aA2deficiencyA2impairsA2aA2biochemicalA2orA2functionalA2proces
sA2andA2replacementA2ofA2elementA2correctsA2impairment.
AssociatedA2withA2anA2enzymeA2orA2otherA2proteinsA2asA2aA2essentialA2componentA2orA2c
ofactor
TraceA2elementsA2(mg/L):A2iron,A2copperA2andA2zinc
UltratraceA2elementsA2(<ug/L):A2selenium,A2copperA2andA2manganese
Non-
essentialA2TraceA2ElementsA2:A2OfA2medicalA2interestA2becauseA2manyA2ofA2themA2areA2to
xic

SpecimenA2collectionA2andA2ProcessingA2-A2Ans--
SpecimensA2mustA2beA2collectedA2withA2attentionA2toA2detailsA2suchA2asA2anticoagulant,A2
collectionA2apparatusA2andA2specimenA2typeA2(NavyA2BlueA2topA2tube)
SubjectA2toA2contaminationA2byA2theA2environment,A2therefore,A2muchA2careA2mustA2beA2t
akenA2toA2avoidA2contaminatingA2specimens.
SpecialA2samplingA2andA2collectionA2devices,A2speciallyA2cleanedA2glassware,A2waterA2&A
2reagentsA2ofA2highA2purityA2mustA2beA2used.
LabA2environmentA2mustA2beA2carefullyA2controlled:A2placementA2ofA2traceA2elementsA2lab
A2inA2separateA2room,A2useA2ofA2stickyA2matsA2atA2door,A2non-
sheddingA2ceilingA2tiles,A2controlledA2airA2flow,A2disposableA2booties.

TraceA2ElementA2MeasurementA2-A2Ans--AtomicA2EmissionA2SpectroscopyA2(AES)
AtomicA2AbsorptionA2SpectroscopyA2(AAS)

ArsenicA2-A2Ans--HeathA2Effects:A2Non-
essential,A2noA2knownA2functionA2inA2humanA2physiologyA2:A2toxic!!

Absorption,A2TransportA2andA2Excretion:
Exposure:A2IngestedA2inA2foodA2(seafood),A2water,A2drink,A2inhaled,A2soil,A2sediments,A2re
lativelyA2tasteless
Nontoxic,A2organicA2formsA2clearA2rapidly:A2toxicA2inorganicA2formsA2clearA2slowly

Toxicity
ExposureA2canA2leadA2toA2acuteA2andA2chronicA2intoxication.
InorganicA2formA2producesA2symptoms,A2canA2beA2lethal.
OrganicA2speciesA2areA2relativelyA2non-toxic
CanA2seeA2leukonychiaA2inA2fingernails

CadmiumA2-A2Ans--HealthA2Effects:A2Non-
essential,A2noA2knownA2functionA2inA2humanA2physiologyA2:A2toxic!!!

, Absorption,A2TransportA2andA2ExcretionA2:A2
Exposure:A2inhaledA2inA2tobaccoA2smoke,A2ingestedA2inA2foodA2(shellfish,A2liver,A2kidneyA2
meats,A2potatoesA2andA2someA2leafyA2vegetables)
Absorption:A210-50%A2inhaled,A25%A2GIA2;excretionA290%A2inA2feces

Toxicity
RenalA2dysfunction,A2nasalA2epithelialA2andA2lungA2damage,A2respiratoryA2distress
Nausea,A2vomiting,A2abdominalA2painA2ifA2ingestedA2inA2greatA2amounts.

LeadA2-A2Ans--HealthA2Effects:A2Non-
essential;A2noA2knownA2functionA2inA2humanA2physiology;A2toxicA2!!!

Absorption,A2Transport,A2andA2Excretion
Exposure:A2respiratoryA2&A2gastrointestinal
Absorption:A230-40%A2inhaled,A2variableA2inA2GI,A2
Excretion:A276%A2inA2urine,A216%A2inA2feces;A28%A2inA2hair,A2sweat,A2nails
BindsA2toA2proteinsA2andA2changesA2theA2structureA2andA2function,A2includingA2theA2inhibit
ionA2ofA2manyA2enzymes

Toxicity
Children:A2IQA2declines,A2clumsiness,A2gaitA2issues,A2headache,A2behavioralA2changes,A2
seizures,A2cognitiveA2andA2behavioralA2problems
AdultsA2:A2peripheralA2neuropathies,A2motorA2weakness,A2chronicA2renalA2insufficiency,A2s
ystolicA2hypertension,A2anemia

LabA2results:A2anemia,A2basophilicA2stipplingA2(Hematology!!)

MercuryA2-A2Ans--Non-essential,A2noA2knownA2functionA2inA2humanA2physiology,A2toxic!!!!

Exposure:A2inhalation,A2ingestionA2(fish),A2cutaneous,A2injectionA2(tattooA2pigments),A2de
ntalA2fillings

AbsorptionA2:A280%A2inhaled,A20%A2inA2GI;A2excretion:A2fecalA2andA2urinary

Toxicity:
PrimarilyA2throughA2reactionA2withA2sulfhydrylA2groups.A2CanA2causeA2tremors,A2tachycar
diaA2andA2renalA2issues.
InhaledA2vapor:A2nervous,A2digestiveA2andA2immuneA2systems
InorganicA2salts:A2skin,A2eyes,A2GIA2tractA2andA2kidneys

ChromiumA2-A2Ans--
Essential,A2helpsA2maintainA2metabolismA2ofA2glucose,A2fat,A2cholesterol
AbsorbedA2boundA2inA2bloodA2toA2transferrin,A2transportedA2byA2albumin
ObtainedA2viaA2foodsA2likeA2wholeA2grains,A2brewer'sA2yeast,A2branA2cereal,A2OJ,A2romain
eA2lettuce,A2broccoli,A2greenA2beans,A2grapeA2juiceA2andA2ham