Teacher Ssembogga Abdulkarim
Immunity
Big Learning outcome:
Analyse the role of antibodies in vaccination and allergic reactions in relation to
human body immunity.
Learning outcome broken down
Learners search for and discuss:
i) types of immunity (innate and adaptive).
ii) the concept of vaccination.
iii) role of histamine in allergy.
iv) new-born haemolytic disease.
v) In groups, learners make write-ups and present their work to the class
plenary
vi) structure and action of antibodies, discuss and
vii) mechanism used in rapid test kits to detect infections.
Innate immunity (natural or inborn immunity); is the first line of defense that you
are born with. Unlike acquired immunity, it is non-specific, meaning it does not
target a particular pathogen, but it protects you immediately against a wide range
of invaders.
Key Features of Innate Immunity
1. Present from birth – not learned or developed later.
2. Non-specific – defends against any foreign substance (bacteria, viruses,
parasites, fungi).
3. Immediate action – responds within minutes to hours.
4. No memory – it reacts the same way each time the pathogen enters.
Download the educan app from Google Play Store or App Store – Contact us: 0742016901
,Components of Innate Immunity
1. Physical & Mechanical Barriers
o Skin blocks entry of pathogens.
o Mucous membranes; they produce mucus that traps pathogens; e.g
in respiratory tract;
o Cilia in the respiratory tract; sweep out microbes that have been
trapped by mucus;
2. Chemical Barriers
o Stomach Hydrochloric acid; kills microbes that come with food, such
as bacteria;
o Lysozyme in tears and saliva destroys bacterial walls;
o Antimicrobial peptides in body fluids;
3. Cellular Defenses
o Phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils) – engulf and destroy
microbes.
o Natural Killer cells – destroy virus-infected or abnormal cells.
4. Physiological Responses
o Fever; which raises body temperature to slow pathogens;
o Inflammation; the redness, heat, swelling, pain – helps isolate and
fight infection; see BS for how it occurs and its effects;
5. Complement System
o A group of plasma proteins that enhance phagocytosis and directly
kill microbes.
Acquired immunity (Adaptive immunity) is the type of immunity that a person
develops after birth, when the body is exposed to disease-causing organisms
(pathogens) or through vaccination. It is not inherited, but rather “acquired”
Download the educan app from Google Play Store or App Store – Contact us: 0742016901
, during a person’s lifetime, and it involves the body’s immune system learning to
recognize, target, and remember specific pathogens;
Key Features of Acquired Immunity
1. Specificity – it targets specific pathogens (e.g., measles virus, tuberculosis
bacteria).
2. Memory – once exposed, the body “remembers” the pathogen, so the next
time the response is faster and stronger.
3. Delayed onset – unlike innate immunity which is immediate, acquired
immunity takes several days to develop during the first exposure.
Types of Acquired Immunity
1. Active immunity; the body actively produces antibodies
o Natural: after infection (e.g., recovering from chickenpox).
o Artificial: after vaccination.
o Usually long-lasting.
2. Passive immunity
o Natural: antibodies passed from mother to child (through placenta or
breast milk).
o Artificial: injection of ready-made antibodies (e.g., antiserum for
snake venom).
o Usually short-lived
Acquired immunity occurs is carried out by white blood cells called
lymphocytes. It occurs in two ways;
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes; these form 24% of the white blood cells. They are
produced in the thymus gland and lymphoid tissues from cells which
originate in the bone marrow. The cells are rounded and possess only
a small quantity of cytoplasm. Amoeboid movement is limited. They
are also found in lymph and the body tissues.
Download the educan app from Google Play Store or App Store – Contact us: 0742016901
Immunity
Big Learning outcome:
Analyse the role of antibodies in vaccination and allergic reactions in relation to
human body immunity.
Learning outcome broken down
Learners search for and discuss:
i) types of immunity (innate and adaptive).
ii) the concept of vaccination.
iii) role of histamine in allergy.
iv) new-born haemolytic disease.
v) In groups, learners make write-ups and present their work to the class
plenary
vi) structure and action of antibodies, discuss and
vii) mechanism used in rapid test kits to detect infections.
Innate immunity (natural or inborn immunity); is the first line of defense that you
are born with. Unlike acquired immunity, it is non-specific, meaning it does not
target a particular pathogen, but it protects you immediately against a wide range
of invaders.
Key Features of Innate Immunity
1. Present from birth – not learned or developed later.
2. Non-specific – defends against any foreign substance (bacteria, viruses,
parasites, fungi).
3. Immediate action – responds within minutes to hours.
4. No memory – it reacts the same way each time the pathogen enters.
Download the educan app from Google Play Store or App Store – Contact us: 0742016901
,Components of Innate Immunity
1. Physical & Mechanical Barriers
o Skin blocks entry of pathogens.
o Mucous membranes; they produce mucus that traps pathogens; e.g
in respiratory tract;
o Cilia in the respiratory tract; sweep out microbes that have been
trapped by mucus;
2. Chemical Barriers
o Stomach Hydrochloric acid; kills microbes that come with food, such
as bacteria;
o Lysozyme in tears and saliva destroys bacterial walls;
o Antimicrobial peptides in body fluids;
3. Cellular Defenses
o Phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils) – engulf and destroy
microbes.
o Natural Killer cells – destroy virus-infected or abnormal cells.
4. Physiological Responses
o Fever; which raises body temperature to slow pathogens;
o Inflammation; the redness, heat, swelling, pain – helps isolate and
fight infection; see BS for how it occurs and its effects;
5. Complement System
o A group of plasma proteins that enhance phagocytosis and directly
kill microbes.
Acquired immunity (Adaptive immunity) is the type of immunity that a person
develops after birth, when the body is exposed to disease-causing organisms
(pathogens) or through vaccination. It is not inherited, but rather “acquired”
Download the educan app from Google Play Store or App Store – Contact us: 0742016901
, during a person’s lifetime, and it involves the body’s immune system learning to
recognize, target, and remember specific pathogens;
Key Features of Acquired Immunity
1. Specificity – it targets specific pathogens (e.g., measles virus, tuberculosis
bacteria).
2. Memory – once exposed, the body “remembers” the pathogen, so the next
time the response is faster and stronger.
3. Delayed onset – unlike innate immunity which is immediate, acquired
immunity takes several days to develop during the first exposure.
Types of Acquired Immunity
1. Active immunity; the body actively produces antibodies
o Natural: after infection (e.g., recovering from chickenpox).
o Artificial: after vaccination.
o Usually long-lasting.
2. Passive immunity
o Natural: antibodies passed from mother to child (through placenta or
breast milk).
o Artificial: injection of ready-made antibodies (e.g., antiserum for
snake venom).
o Usually short-lived
Acquired immunity occurs is carried out by white blood cells called
lymphocytes. It occurs in two ways;
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes; these form 24% of the white blood cells. They are
produced in the thymus gland and lymphoid tissues from cells which
originate in the bone marrow. The cells are rounded and possess only
a small quantity of cytoplasm. Amoeboid movement is limited. They
are also found in lymph and the body tissues.
Download the educan app from Google Play Store or App Store – Contact us: 0742016901
