Samenvatting literatuur MPI
Chapter 1 Introduction
Technological innovation: the act of introducing a new device, method or material for application to
commercial or practical objectives
Gross domestic product (GDP): the total amount output of an economy as measured by its final
purchase price
Externalities: costs (or benefits) that are borne (or reaped) by individuals other than those responsible
for creating them. Thus, if a business emits pollutants in a community, it imposes a negative externality
on the community members; if a business builds a park in a community, it creates a positive externality
for community members
Importance of technological innovation
Due to globalization, innovation is increasingly important to protect margins. New technologies play an
important part in this. Product life cycles are becoming shorter, so innovation as a strategic imperative is
necessary
The impact of technological innovation on society
The aggregate impact of technological innovation can be observed by looking at gross domestic product
(GDP). Thus, to the extent that goods improve quality of life, we can ascribe some beneficial impact of
technological innovation. Sometimes technological innovation results in negative externalities.
Technology itself is knowledge to solve problems. Thus technological innovation is the creation of new
knowledge.
Innovation by industry: The importance of strategy
Innovation funnel: not all ideas become successful new products.
Strategic management of technological innovation: A firm’s innovation projects should align with its
resources and objectives, leveraging its core competencies and helping it achieve its strategic intent.
Summary
1. Technological innovation is now often the single most important competitive driver in many
industries. Many firms receive more than one-third of their sales and profits from products
developed within the past five years.
2. The increasing importance of innovation has been driven largely by the globalization of markets
and the advent of advanced technologies that enable more rapid product design and allow
shorter production runs to be economically feasible.
3. Technological innovation has a number of important effects on society, including fostering
increased GDP, enabling greater communication and mobility, and improving medical
treatments.
4. Technological innovation may also pose some negative externalities, including pollution,
resource depletion, and other unintended consequences of technological change.
5. While government plays a significant role in innovation, industry provides the majority of R&D
funds that are ultimately applied to technological innovation.
6. Successful innovation requires an in-depth understanding of the dynamics of innovation, a well-
crafted innovation strategy, and well-developed processes for implementing the innovation
strategy
Chapter 2 Sources of Innovation
Innovation: the practical implementation of an idea into a new device or process
,Idea: something imagined or pictured in the mind
Creativity: the ability to produce novel and useful work
Intranet: a private network, accessible only to authorized individuals. It is like the internet but operates
only within (intra) the organization.
Basic research: research targeted at increasing scientific knowledge for its own sake. It may or may not
have any long-term commercial application
Applied research: research targeted at increasing knowledge for a specific application or need
Development: activities that apply knowledge to produce useful devices, materials or processes
Complementors: producers of complementary goods or services are complementors
Absorptive capacity: the ability of an organization to recognize, assimilate, and utilize new knowledge
Technology of transfer offices: offices designed to facilitate the transfer of technology developed in a
research environment to an environment where it can be commercially applied
Science parks: regional districts, typically set up by government, to foster R&D collaboration between
government universities and private firms
Incubators: institutions designed to nurture the development of new businesses that might otherwise
lack access to adequate funding or advice
Technology clusters: regional clusters of firms that have a connection to a common technology, and
may engage in buyer, supplier, and complementor relationships, as well as research collaboration
Complex knowledge: knowledge that has many underlying components, or many interdependencies
between those components or both
Tacit knowledge: knowledge that cannot be readily codified (documented in written form)
Agglomeration economies: the benefits firms reap by locating in close geographical proximity to each
other
Technological spillovers: a positive externality from R&D resulting from the spread of knowledge across
organizational or regional boundaries
Overview
Innovation can arise from different sources: individuals, firms, universities, private non-profits, and
government-funded research. Also innovation from the network between these sources.
Creativity
Innovation begins with the generation of new ideas. The ability to generate new and useful ideas is
termed creativity. A product could be novel to the person who made it, but known to most everyone
else. In this case, we would call it reinvention
, Individual creativity: An individual’s creative ability is a function of his or her intellectual abilities,
knowledge, personality, motivation, and environment. One import ant intellectual ability for creativity is a
person’s ability to let their mind engage in a visual mental activity termed primary process thinking.5
Because of its unstructured nature, primary process thinking can result in combining ideas that are not
typically related, leading to what has been termed remote associations or divergent thinking.
Impact of knowledge on creativity is double edged, too less= no understanding, too much= stuck in
ways.
The personality trait most often associated with creativity is “openness to experience.”
Intrinsic motivation has also been shown to be very important for creativity.That is, individuals are more
likely to be creative if they work on things they are gen uinely interested in and enjoy.
Also supportive environment needed
Organizational creativity: The creativity of the organization is a function of creativity of the individuals
within the organization and a variety of social processes and contextual factors that shape the way
those individuals interact and behave
Idea collection systems are ways to boost creativity and innovation.
Translating creativity into innovation
Innovation is more than generation; its implementation.
The inventor: most successful have these characteristics
1. They have mastered the basic tools and operations of the field in which they invent, but they
have not specialized solely in that field; instead they have pursued two or three fields
simultaneously, permitting them to bring different perspectives to each.
2. They are curious and more interested in problems than solutions.
3. They question the assumptions made in previous work in the field.
4. They often have the sense that all knowledge is unified. They seek global solutions rather than
local solutions, and are generalists by nature.
Innovation by users: by fulfilling their needs
Research and development by firms: mostly by R&D. Firms often use different sources of innovation,
such as:
In-house research and development, including basic research.
Linkages to customers or other potential users of innovations.
Linkages to an external network of firms that may include competitors, complementors, and
suppliers.
Linkages to other external sources of scientific and technical information, such as universities
and government laboratories
Firm linkages with customers, suppliers, competitors, and complementors: alliances can be useful for
innovation
Universities (R&D) and government-funded research (own laboratories)
Innovation in collaborative networks
As firms forge collaborative relationships, they weave a network of paths between them that can act as
conduits for information and other resources.
Chapter 1 Introduction
Technological innovation: the act of introducing a new device, method or material for application to
commercial or practical objectives
Gross domestic product (GDP): the total amount output of an economy as measured by its final
purchase price
Externalities: costs (or benefits) that are borne (or reaped) by individuals other than those responsible
for creating them. Thus, if a business emits pollutants in a community, it imposes a negative externality
on the community members; if a business builds a park in a community, it creates a positive externality
for community members
Importance of technological innovation
Due to globalization, innovation is increasingly important to protect margins. New technologies play an
important part in this. Product life cycles are becoming shorter, so innovation as a strategic imperative is
necessary
The impact of technological innovation on society
The aggregate impact of technological innovation can be observed by looking at gross domestic product
(GDP). Thus, to the extent that goods improve quality of life, we can ascribe some beneficial impact of
technological innovation. Sometimes technological innovation results in negative externalities.
Technology itself is knowledge to solve problems. Thus technological innovation is the creation of new
knowledge.
Innovation by industry: The importance of strategy
Innovation funnel: not all ideas become successful new products.
Strategic management of technological innovation: A firm’s innovation projects should align with its
resources and objectives, leveraging its core competencies and helping it achieve its strategic intent.
Summary
1. Technological innovation is now often the single most important competitive driver in many
industries. Many firms receive more than one-third of their sales and profits from products
developed within the past five years.
2. The increasing importance of innovation has been driven largely by the globalization of markets
and the advent of advanced technologies that enable more rapid product design and allow
shorter production runs to be economically feasible.
3. Technological innovation has a number of important effects on society, including fostering
increased GDP, enabling greater communication and mobility, and improving medical
treatments.
4. Technological innovation may also pose some negative externalities, including pollution,
resource depletion, and other unintended consequences of technological change.
5. While government plays a significant role in innovation, industry provides the majority of R&D
funds that are ultimately applied to technological innovation.
6. Successful innovation requires an in-depth understanding of the dynamics of innovation, a well-
crafted innovation strategy, and well-developed processes for implementing the innovation
strategy
Chapter 2 Sources of Innovation
Innovation: the practical implementation of an idea into a new device or process
,Idea: something imagined or pictured in the mind
Creativity: the ability to produce novel and useful work
Intranet: a private network, accessible only to authorized individuals. It is like the internet but operates
only within (intra) the organization.
Basic research: research targeted at increasing scientific knowledge for its own sake. It may or may not
have any long-term commercial application
Applied research: research targeted at increasing knowledge for a specific application or need
Development: activities that apply knowledge to produce useful devices, materials or processes
Complementors: producers of complementary goods or services are complementors
Absorptive capacity: the ability of an organization to recognize, assimilate, and utilize new knowledge
Technology of transfer offices: offices designed to facilitate the transfer of technology developed in a
research environment to an environment where it can be commercially applied
Science parks: regional districts, typically set up by government, to foster R&D collaboration between
government universities and private firms
Incubators: institutions designed to nurture the development of new businesses that might otherwise
lack access to adequate funding or advice
Technology clusters: regional clusters of firms that have a connection to a common technology, and
may engage in buyer, supplier, and complementor relationships, as well as research collaboration
Complex knowledge: knowledge that has many underlying components, or many interdependencies
between those components or both
Tacit knowledge: knowledge that cannot be readily codified (documented in written form)
Agglomeration economies: the benefits firms reap by locating in close geographical proximity to each
other
Technological spillovers: a positive externality from R&D resulting from the spread of knowledge across
organizational or regional boundaries
Overview
Innovation can arise from different sources: individuals, firms, universities, private non-profits, and
government-funded research. Also innovation from the network between these sources.
Creativity
Innovation begins with the generation of new ideas. The ability to generate new and useful ideas is
termed creativity. A product could be novel to the person who made it, but known to most everyone
else. In this case, we would call it reinvention
, Individual creativity: An individual’s creative ability is a function of his or her intellectual abilities,
knowledge, personality, motivation, and environment. One import ant intellectual ability for creativity is a
person’s ability to let their mind engage in a visual mental activity termed primary process thinking.5
Because of its unstructured nature, primary process thinking can result in combining ideas that are not
typically related, leading to what has been termed remote associations or divergent thinking.
Impact of knowledge on creativity is double edged, too less= no understanding, too much= stuck in
ways.
The personality trait most often associated with creativity is “openness to experience.”
Intrinsic motivation has also been shown to be very important for creativity.That is, individuals are more
likely to be creative if they work on things they are gen uinely interested in and enjoy.
Also supportive environment needed
Organizational creativity: The creativity of the organization is a function of creativity of the individuals
within the organization and a variety of social processes and contextual factors that shape the way
those individuals interact and behave
Idea collection systems are ways to boost creativity and innovation.
Translating creativity into innovation
Innovation is more than generation; its implementation.
The inventor: most successful have these characteristics
1. They have mastered the basic tools and operations of the field in which they invent, but they
have not specialized solely in that field; instead they have pursued two or three fields
simultaneously, permitting them to bring different perspectives to each.
2. They are curious and more interested in problems than solutions.
3. They question the assumptions made in previous work in the field.
4. They often have the sense that all knowledge is unified. They seek global solutions rather than
local solutions, and are generalists by nature.
Innovation by users: by fulfilling their needs
Research and development by firms: mostly by R&D. Firms often use different sources of innovation,
such as:
In-house research and development, including basic research.
Linkages to customers or other potential users of innovations.
Linkages to an external network of firms that may include competitors, complementors, and
suppliers.
Linkages to other external sources of scientific and technical information, such as universities
and government laboratories
Firm linkages with customers, suppliers, competitors, and complementors: alliances can be useful for
innovation
Universities (R&D) and government-funded research (own laboratories)
Innovation in collaborative networks
As firms forge collaborative relationships, they weave a network of paths between them that can act as
conduits for information and other resources.
