Chiro Theories Midterm 2 Exam Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
Kirkaldy-Willis, Sandoz - Answers Who created the three phase model of the Vertebral
Subluxation Complex?
Segmental Dysfunction Hypothesis - Answers What is the 1st phase of the Vertebral
Subluxation Complex?
VSC Phase 1 - Answers What phase is recognized by lessened mobility of a join, altered
pressure threshold to pain, and signs of near musculoskeletal dysfunction?
Instability Hypothesis - Answers What is the 2nd phase of the Vertebral Subluxation Complex?
Immobilization Degeneration Hypothesis - Answers What is the 3rd phase of the Vertebral
Subluxation Complex?
-Lessened mobility of a joint
-Altered pressure threshold to pain
-Signs of muscular dysfunction - Answers What characteristics make up the Segmental
Dysfunction Hypothesis?
Joint, joing capsule, ligaments, sensory receptors, motor fibers, muscles, inflammatory
mechanism - Answers What structures can be subsequently be effected in the Segmental
Dysfunction Hypothesis?
Ia - Answers What type of proprioception fibers are found in muscle spindles?
Ib - Answers What type of proprioception fibers are found in Golgi Tendon Organs?
Muscle spindles (Ia) - Answers What type of receptor responses to stretch of the muscle?
Golgi tendon organs (Ib) - Answers What type of receptor responses to muscle tension?
Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs - Answers What structures are responsible for the
regulation of muscle stiffness, muscle tension change, and muscle length change?
Decreased - Answers When a patient is hypomobile and has a fixed segment, what will happen
to the feedback from the Ia and Ib receptors?
C fibers - Answers What type of receptor is considered a nociceptor that responds to "noxious"
stimuli?
C fibers - Answers What type of nerve fibers are small and unmyelinated?
-Excitation of alpha-motor neurons in a flexor muscle
, -Inhibition of alpha-motor neurons in extensor muscles
-Activagtion of gamma-motor neurons - Answers What occurs when a nociceptor gets
stimulated?
Segmental facilitation - Answers What term describes the lowered threshold for firing in a spinal
cord segment as a result of afferent bombardment associated with spinal lesions?
Central sensitization - Answers What concepts are segmental facilitation associated with?
True - Answers True or False: Ligamentum flavum is part of the posterior joint capsule?
Denslow - Answers Who showed that 1 kg of pressure on the spinous process could result in
hyperexcitabilty of spinal is muscles on one or both sides?
Somato-somatic reflex - Answers What reflex is associated with the findings of Denslow?
Muscle spindle - Answers According to Korr, what is responsible for the "coordination" of
facilitation?
Korr - Answers Who came up with the idea of gamma gain?
Gamma gain - Answers What is the idea Korr proposed that tension and stress can get the gain
too high via gamma motor neurons, leading to a muscle that is tense and resistant to change?
Gamma gain - Answers What term is described as "central nervous system regulation of
background activity in the fusimotor?
Gamma gain - Answers In the Korr model, adjustments may be effective because forceful
stretching of muscle can reduce what?
Korr - Answers Who came up with the idea that segmental dysfunction causing facilitation at
the cord, leads to reflexes in areas involved with the autonomics?
Patterson-Steinmetz Model - Answers What model of subluxation is associated with the terms
neural scar and spinal learning, and considers patients to have increased susceptibility to a
recurrence for a length of time?
Patterson-Steinmetz Model - Answers What model proses that the spinal cord can learn even
when the influence of the brain is removed?
Neural Scar - Answers What term describes the cord facilitation that remains after joint motion
is restored?
Dvorak Model - Answers What inflammatory model proposes that the SDF creatures both
mechanical and chemical stimulation to activate nocicpetors and ascending spinal tract activity?
Slow twitch; shorten - Answers According to Dvorak, postural muscles have more _____________
Kirkaldy-Willis, Sandoz - Answers Who created the three phase model of the Vertebral
Subluxation Complex?
Segmental Dysfunction Hypothesis - Answers What is the 1st phase of the Vertebral
Subluxation Complex?
VSC Phase 1 - Answers What phase is recognized by lessened mobility of a join, altered
pressure threshold to pain, and signs of near musculoskeletal dysfunction?
Instability Hypothesis - Answers What is the 2nd phase of the Vertebral Subluxation Complex?
Immobilization Degeneration Hypothesis - Answers What is the 3rd phase of the Vertebral
Subluxation Complex?
-Lessened mobility of a joint
-Altered pressure threshold to pain
-Signs of muscular dysfunction - Answers What characteristics make up the Segmental
Dysfunction Hypothesis?
Joint, joing capsule, ligaments, sensory receptors, motor fibers, muscles, inflammatory
mechanism - Answers What structures can be subsequently be effected in the Segmental
Dysfunction Hypothesis?
Ia - Answers What type of proprioception fibers are found in muscle spindles?
Ib - Answers What type of proprioception fibers are found in Golgi Tendon Organs?
Muscle spindles (Ia) - Answers What type of receptor responses to stretch of the muscle?
Golgi tendon organs (Ib) - Answers What type of receptor responses to muscle tension?
Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs - Answers What structures are responsible for the
regulation of muscle stiffness, muscle tension change, and muscle length change?
Decreased - Answers When a patient is hypomobile and has a fixed segment, what will happen
to the feedback from the Ia and Ib receptors?
C fibers - Answers What type of receptor is considered a nociceptor that responds to "noxious"
stimuli?
C fibers - Answers What type of nerve fibers are small and unmyelinated?
-Excitation of alpha-motor neurons in a flexor muscle
, -Inhibition of alpha-motor neurons in extensor muscles
-Activagtion of gamma-motor neurons - Answers What occurs when a nociceptor gets
stimulated?
Segmental facilitation - Answers What term describes the lowered threshold for firing in a spinal
cord segment as a result of afferent bombardment associated with spinal lesions?
Central sensitization - Answers What concepts are segmental facilitation associated with?
True - Answers True or False: Ligamentum flavum is part of the posterior joint capsule?
Denslow - Answers Who showed that 1 kg of pressure on the spinous process could result in
hyperexcitabilty of spinal is muscles on one or both sides?
Somato-somatic reflex - Answers What reflex is associated with the findings of Denslow?
Muscle spindle - Answers According to Korr, what is responsible for the "coordination" of
facilitation?
Korr - Answers Who came up with the idea of gamma gain?
Gamma gain - Answers What is the idea Korr proposed that tension and stress can get the gain
too high via gamma motor neurons, leading to a muscle that is tense and resistant to change?
Gamma gain - Answers What term is described as "central nervous system regulation of
background activity in the fusimotor?
Gamma gain - Answers In the Korr model, adjustments may be effective because forceful
stretching of muscle can reduce what?
Korr - Answers Who came up with the idea that segmental dysfunction causing facilitation at
the cord, leads to reflexes in areas involved with the autonomics?
Patterson-Steinmetz Model - Answers What model of subluxation is associated with the terms
neural scar and spinal learning, and considers patients to have increased susceptibility to a
recurrence for a length of time?
Patterson-Steinmetz Model - Answers What model proses that the spinal cord can learn even
when the influence of the brain is removed?
Neural Scar - Answers What term describes the cord facilitation that remains after joint motion
is restored?
Dvorak Model - Answers What inflammatory model proposes that the SDF creatures both
mechanical and chemical stimulation to activate nocicpetors and ascending spinal tract activity?
Slow twitch; shorten - Answers According to Dvorak, postural muscles have more _____________
