APHY 102 IVY TECH FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS 2026
Accessory organs/glands - ANSWERSSalivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas
aid in ingestion, digestion, and absorption in the digestive system.
Carbohydrate digestion - ANSWERSCarbohydrates are broken down into sugars in the
intestine.
Protein digestion - ANSWERSProteins are broken down into amino acids in the
intestine.
Fat digestion - ANSWERSFats are broken down into fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-
soluble vitamins in the intestine.
Bile - ANSWERSYellowish-green liquid secreted by hepatic cells that emulsifies fats
and aids in absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins.
Immunity cells - ANSWERST cells and B cells provide immunity.
Lymph function - ANSWERSFilters blood by removing toxins.
Stress and immunity - ANSWERSStress reduces the immune system's ability to fight off
antigens and can suppress the effectiveness of the immune system.
Passive immunity - ANSWERSTemporary immunity obtained via antibodies without
antigen exposure.
Active immunity - ANSWERSPermanent immunity obtained via antigen contact, evoking
an immune response and producing memory B cells.
Primary immune response - ANSWERSFirst encounter with antigen, takes 5-10 days for
antibodies to appear and remain for several weeks. Memory B cells are also produced.
Secondary immune response - ANSWERSSubsequent exposure to antigen produces
high concentration of antibodies in 1-2 days. Antibodies remain for months or years,
while memory B cells live for many years.
Pituitary gland regulation - ANSWERSRegulated by the hypothalamus, with secretion
controlled by different methods for the 2 lobes.
, EKG - ANSWERSElectrocardiogram recording of electrical changes in the myocardium
during the cardiac cycle. P wave: atrial depolarization; QRS complex: ventricular
depolarization; T wave: ventricular repolarization.
Hormone - ANSWERSChemical messenger secreted into body fluids, with specific
actions on target tissues.
Glucagon - ANSWERSInstructs the liver to release stored glucose, raising blood sugar
levels.
Insulin - ANSWERSHelps cells absorb glucose, reducing blood sugar levels and
providing energy for cells.
Pheromones - ANSWERSProduced and act outside the body, capable of directly
changing the social behaviors of others.
Inhibin - ANSWERSHormone that inhibits the production of follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) by the pituitary gland.
Normal blood composition - ANSWERSBlood is about 8% of body weight, with RBC
count, WBC count, and platelet count falling within specific ranges. Normal blood pH is
around 7.4.
Rh factor - ANSWERSPresence or absence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on RBC
membranes, which can lead to complications during pregnancy.
Blood types - ANSWERSAntigens A, B, AB, or none, and antibodies A, B, AB, or none,
determine an individual's blood group.
Leukocytes - ANSWERSNeutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and
lymphocytes are different types of white blood cells with various functions.
Paracrine glands - ANSWERSHormones enter interstitial fluid and affect only
neighboring cells.
Autocrine glands - ANSWERSHormones affect only the secreting cell.
Endocrine glands - ANSWERSHormones are secreted into the bloodstream and act on
target cells.
Exocrine glands - ANSWERSSecretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
Diabetes insipidus - ANSWERSA disease where the kidneys are unable to conserve
water.
Steroid hormones - ANSWERSHormones derived from cholesterol, including sex
hormones and adrenal cortex secretions.
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS 2026
Accessory organs/glands - ANSWERSSalivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas
aid in ingestion, digestion, and absorption in the digestive system.
Carbohydrate digestion - ANSWERSCarbohydrates are broken down into sugars in the
intestine.
Protein digestion - ANSWERSProteins are broken down into amino acids in the
intestine.
Fat digestion - ANSWERSFats are broken down into fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-
soluble vitamins in the intestine.
Bile - ANSWERSYellowish-green liquid secreted by hepatic cells that emulsifies fats
and aids in absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins.
Immunity cells - ANSWERST cells and B cells provide immunity.
Lymph function - ANSWERSFilters blood by removing toxins.
Stress and immunity - ANSWERSStress reduces the immune system's ability to fight off
antigens and can suppress the effectiveness of the immune system.
Passive immunity - ANSWERSTemporary immunity obtained via antibodies without
antigen exposure.
Active immunity - ANSWERSPermanent immunity obtained via antigen contact, evoking
an immune response and producing memory B cells.
Primary immune response - ANSWERSFirst encounter with antigen, takes 5-10 days for
antibodies to appear and remain for several weeks. Memory B cells are also produced.
Secondary immune response - ANSWERSSubsequent exposure to antigen produces
high concentration of antibodies in 1-2 days. Antibodies remain for months or years,
while memory B cells live for many years.
Pituitary gland regulation - ANSWERSRegulated by the hypothalamus, with secretion
controlled by different methods for the 2 lobes.
, EKG - ANSWERSElectrocardiogram recording of electrical changes in the myocardium
during the cardiac cycle. P wave: atrial depolarization; QRS complex: ventricular
depolarization; T wave: ventricular repolarization.
Hormone - ANSWERSChemical messenger secreted into body fluids, with specific
actions on target tissues.
Glucagon - ANSWERSInstructs the liver to release stored glucose, raising blood sugar
levels.
Insulin - ANSWERSHelps cells absorb glucose, reducing blood sugar levels and
providing energy for cells.
Pheromones - ANSWERSProduced and act outside the body, capable of directly
changing the social behaviors of others.
Inhibin - ANSWERSHormone that inhibits the production of follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) by the pituitary gland.
Normal blood composition - ANSWERSBlood is about 8% of body weight, with RBC
count, WBC count, and platelet count falling within specific ranges. Normal blood pH is
around 7.4.
Rh factor - ANSWERSPresence or absence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on RBC
membranes, which can lead to complications during pregnancy.
Blood types - ANSWERSAntigens A, B, AB, or none, and antibodies A, B, AB, or none,
determine an individual's blood group.
Leukocytes - ANSWERSNeutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and
lymphocytes are different types of white blood cells with various functions.
Paracrine glands - ANSWERSHormones enter interstitial fluid and affect only
neighboring cells.
Autocrine glands - ANSWERSHormones affect only the secreting cell.
Endocrine glands - ANSWERSHormones are secreted into the bloodstream and act on
target cells.
Exocrine glands - ANSWERSSecretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
Diabetes insipidus - ANSWERSA disease where the kidneys are unable to conserve
water.
Steroid hormones - ANSWERSHormones derived from cholesterol, including sex
hormones and adrenal cortex secretions.
