APHY 201 LATEST FINAL EXAM (2026) QUESTION AND
12/17/2025
ANSWER
APHY 201 Latest Final Exam (2026) Question and
answer Ivy Tech Community College 200 questions
1what are the three types of muscle tissue? How they similar? Different?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
Skeletal and cardiac muscles are both striated.
Skeletal muscle is voluntary. Cardiac and smooth
Muscles are involuntary.
Myofibril
Tightly packed filament bundles found within skeletal muscle fibers
Actin
Thin filaments
Myosin
Thick filament
Z-discs
Separate one sarcomere from the next
Sarcomere
, APHY 201 LATEST FINAL EXAM (2026) QUESTION AND
12/17/2025
ANSWER
Contractile unit of a muscle fiber
Nebulin
Helps align actin filaments of the sarcomere
Titin
Spans the distance from one z disc to the neighboring m line
Sarcolemma
Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber and generates action potential
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Organelle of the muscle fiber that stores calcium.
Transverse tubules (t-tubules)
Transmit action potential through cell
Allow entire muscle fiber to contract simultaneously
Have same properties as sarcolemma
What is the sliding filament theory?
Myosin breaks down atp. The energy rotates the myosin head that binds weakly to actin down the
molecule. Head of myosin is cocked ready for the next power stroke. Atp must bind to myosin to
release myosin from actin.
, APHY 201 LATEST FINAL EXAM (2026) QUESTION AND
12/17/2025
ANSWER
What is troponin and tropomyosin?
Calcium binds with troponin to initiate contraction. Troponin is ca2+ binding complex of 3 proteins.
Tropomyosin is controlled by troponin. During relaxation, the tropomyosin wraps around the actin to
cover the binding sites and keep myosin from attaching to actin.
Explain the steps of skeletal muscle contraction, starting at the motor neuron.
Phosphocreatine breakdown produces a short burst of energy. Carbohydrates (glucose) are the most
rapid and efficient store of energy. Aerobic respiration (citric acid cycle and electron transport chain)
Explain the steps of skeletal muscle relaxation.
The active site on actin is exposed as calcium binds to troponin. The myosin head is attracted to actin,
and myosin binds actin at its actin-binding site, forming the cross bridge. During the power stroke, the
phosphate generated in the previous contraction cycle is released.
Name the skeletal muscle fiber types and characteristics of each.
Slow twitch fibers (type 1), fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic fibers (iia), and fast-twitch glycolytic fibers
(iib). Fast twitch develop tensions 2x faster and slow twitch last 10x longer.
Explain what muscle fatigue is and what it can be caused by
Muscle fatigue is described as a decrease in maximal force or power production in response to
contractile activity. Central fatigue due to cns. Peripheral fatigue due to neuron or muscle. Extended
submaximal exercise leads to depletion of glycogen stores. Short-duration maximal exertion leads to
increased levels of p.
, APHY 201 LATEST FINAL EXAM (2026) QUESTION AND
12/17/2025
ANSWER
Where do we find smooth muscle?
Smooth muscle can be found in vascular, gastrointestinal, urinary, respiratory, reproductive, and
ocular.
What factors affect force of contraction? What is tetanus?
Tetanus is maximal contraction. The tension generated by a muscle fiber is directly proportional to the
number of cross bridges formed between the thick and thin filaments.
Isotonic contractions
An isotonic contraction is when tension rises, until muscle length changes, then remains constant.
Examples are lifting an object, walking, and running.
Isometric contractions
An isometric contraction is when muscle length does not change, and tension never exceeds loads.
Example is postural muscle contractions.
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle that make it different than skeletal or cardiac muscle?
Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated, cardiac muscle is involuntary and striated, and smooth is
involuntary and non-striated.
What are the two types of smooth muscle? What makes them different?
Phasic smooth muscles and tonic smooth muscles.
Tonic means that muscle contains mostly slow-contraction, long durability fibers.
12/17/2025
ANSWER
APHY 201 Latest Final Exam (2026) Question and
answer Ivy Tech Community College 200 questions
1what are the three types of muscle tissue? How they similar? Different?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
Skeletal and cardiac muscles are both striated.
Skeletal muscle is voluntary. Cardiac and smooth
Muscles are involuntary.
Myofibril
Tightly packed filament bundles found within skeletal muscle fibers
Actin
Thin filaments
Myosin
Thick filament
Z-discs
Separate one sarcomere from the next
Sarcomere
, APHY 201 LATEST FINAL EXAM (2026) QUESTION AND
12/17/2025
ANSWER
Contractile unit of a muscle fiber
Nebulin
Helps align actin filaments of the sarcomere
Titin
Spans the distance from one z disc to the neighboring m line
Sarcolemma
Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber and generates action potential
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Organelle of the muscle fiber that stores calcium.
Transverse tubules (t-tubules)
Transmit action potential through cell
Allow entire muscle fiber to contract simultaneously
Have same properties as sarcolemma
What is the sliding filament theory?
Myosin breaks down atp. The energy rotates the myosin head that binds weakly to actin down the
molecule. Head of myosin is cocked ready for the next power stroke. Atp must bind to myosin to
release myosin from actin.
, APHY 201 LATEST FINAL EXAM (2026) QUESTION AND
12/17/2025
ANSWER
What is troponin and tropomyosin?
Calcium binds with troponin to initiate contraction. Troponin is ca2+ binding complex of 3 proteins.
Tropomyosin is controlled by troponin. During relaxation, the tropomyosin wraps around the actin to
cover the binding sites and keep myosin from attaching to actin.
Explain the steps of skeletal muscle contraction, starting at the motor neuron.
Phosphocreatine breakdown produces a short burst of energy. Carbohydrates (glucose) are the most
rapid and efficient store of energy. Aerobic respiration (citric acid cycle and electron transport chain)
Explain the steps of skeletal muscle relaxation.
The active site on actin is exposed as calcium binds to troponin. The myosin head is attracted to actin,
and myosin binds actin at its actin-binding site, forming the cross bridge. During the power stroke, the
phosphate generated in the previous contraction cycle is released.
Name the skeletal muscle fiber types and characteristics of each.
Slow twitch fibers (type 1), fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic fibers (iia), and fast-twitch glycolytic fibers
(iib). Fast twitch develop tensions 2x faster and slow twitch last 10x longer.
Explain what muscle fatigue is and what it can be caused by
Muscle fatigue is described as a decrease in maximal force or power production in response to
contractile activity. Central fatigue due to cns. Peripheral fatigue due to neuron or muscle. Extended
submaximal exercise leads to depletion of glycogen stores. Short-duration maximal exertion leads to
increased levels of p.
, APHY 201 LATEST FINAL EXAM (2026) QUESTION AND
12/17/2025
ANSWER
Where do we find smooth muscle?
Smooth muscle can be found in vascular, gastrointestinal, urinary, respiratory, reproductive, and
ocular.
What factors affect force of contraction? What is tetanus?
Tetanus is maximal contraction. The tension generated by a muscle fiber is directly proportional to the
number of cross bridges formed between the thick and thin filaments.
Isotonic contractions
An isotonic contraction is when tension rises, until muscle length changes, then remains constant.
Examples are lifting an object, walking, and running.
Isometric contractions
An isometric contraction is when muscle length does not change, and tension never exceeds loads.
Example is postural muscle contractions.
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle that make it different than skeletal or cardiac muscle?
Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated, cardiac muscle is involuntary and striated, and smooth is
involuntary and non-striated.
What are the two types of smooth muscle? What makes them different?
Phasic smooth muscles and tonic smooth muscles.
Tonic means that muscle contains mostly slow-contraction, long durability fibers.
