HSC 4500 final review/ HSC4500 Final Exam With
complete solu on RATED A+ NEW EDITION
Black death - Ans Which of the following disease outbreaks occurred between 1346 and 1352
and claimed one third of the popula on of Europe?
Health services use - Ans Opera ons research illustrates which uses of epidemiology?
Risk - Ans The probability that an event will occur—an individual will become ill or die within a
stated period of me or by a certain age—is known as _?
Robert Koch - Ans Who was the physician who determined that a human disease was caused
by a specific living organism and then developed four postulates to demonstrate the associa on
between a microorganism and a disease?
John Snow - Ans Whose name is associated with a natural experiment carried out during an
outbreak of cholera in London?
Dose-response rela onship - Ans A type of correla ve associa on between an exposure and
an effect is a
Threshold - Ans The lowest dose at which a par cular response occurs is known as the ?
Mode - Ans The category in a frequency distribu on that has the highest frequency of cases is
known as the ?
Define and compare the following measures: infant mortality rate, fetal death rate, and
perinatal mortality rate. (ESSAY) - Ans Infant mortality- number of infant deaths among infants
,age 0-365 days during a year divided by the number of live births during the same year
(expressed as rate per 1,000 live births).
Fetal death rate- Number of fetal deaths a?er 20 weeks or more gesta on divided by the
number of live births plus number of fetal deaths a?er 20 weeks or more gesta on (expressed
as rate per 1,000 fetal deaths).
Perinatal mortality rate - the number of late fetal deaths a?er 28 weeks or more gesta on plus
infant deaths within 7 days of birth divided by the number of live births plus the number of late
fetal deaths during a year (expressed as rate per 1,000 live births and fetal deaths).
Tetanus, rubella, measles - All of above - Ans Examples of reportable and no fiable diseases
include:
Surveillance - Ans The purpose of state cancer registries include is
Birth cer ficates - Ans Studies of the effects of exposure to teratogens have used data from?
Name some examples of person variables - A and B only - Ans Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic
studies, Mar al Status, Na vity (Place of Origin), Migra on, Religion.
Clustering - Ans can be spa al or temporal.
hypothesis - Ans Determining whether a par cular exposure to a disease is related to a given
outcome should involve formula ng a ?
True ; associa on - Ans An associa on between an exposure factor and an outcome could be
direct or noncausal.
, Prophylac c, therapeu c, clinical, and crossover design trials. - Ans Name the types of
randomized controlled trials.
Rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria, Blinding or masking to prevent bias, Comparable
measurement of outcomes in treatment and control condi ons. Answer: All of them. - Ans
Randomized controlled trials contain which components?
associa on - Ans The odds ra o is a direct measure of what between an exposure and an
outcome.
Ecological comparison study that involves an assessment of the associa on between exposure
rates and disease rates during the same me period. One advantage of ecologic studies is that it
may provide informa on about the context of health. One disadvantage is ecologic fallacy
(studies that claims that worldwide rich ci es have higher coronary heart disease than poor
ci es). - Ans Give an example of a hypothe cal ecologic study. Name and describe one
advantage and one disadvantage of ecologic studies.
Randomized controlled trial are experimental study designs while cohort and case control
studies are non-experimental. The challenges to the validity and biases of study designs are
external validity, sampling error, internal validity, and bias. Bias due cofounding is a challenge
that case control studies and cohort studies experience. Bias is due to suscep bility in
recollec on about exposure and reverse causality. Also, because it can only examine a single or
limited set of outcomes. With RCT studies, trials can be me consuming and subject to sampling
errors due to inappropriate use of design that compromise with results. - Ans Describe briefly
the challenges to the validity and biases of study designs. How do they challenge case-control
studies, cohort studies, and randomized controlled trials. (ESSAY)
Internal validity- refers to the degree to which the study has used methodologically sound
procedures. Ex: Lab seJng ensures high internal validity because external influences are
reduced.
External validity- refers to one's ability to generalize from the results of the study to an external
popula on. The lab environment has a low external validity because it is different from the
outside world that has external influencing factors. - Ans In a few lines, compare and contrast
complete solu on RATED A+ NEW EDITION
Black death - Ans Which of the following disease outbreaks occurred between 1346 and 1352
and claimed one third of the popula on of Europe?
Health services use - Ans Opera ons research illustrates which uses of epidemiology?
Risk - Ans The probability that an event will occur—an individual will become ill or die within a
stated period of me or by a certain age—is known as _?
Robert Koch - Ans Who was the physician who determined that a human disease was caused
by a specific living organism and then developed four postulates to demonstrate the associa on
between a microorganism and a disease?
John Snow - Ans Whose name is associated with a natural experiment carried out during an
outbreak of cholera in London?
Dose-response rela onship - Ans A type of correla ve associa on between an exposure and
an effect is a
Threshold - Ans The lowest dose at which a par cular response occurs is known as the ?
Mode - Ans The category in a frequency distribu on that has the highest frequency of cases is
known as the ?
Define and compare the following measures: infant mortality rate, fetal death rate, and
perinatal mortality rate. (ESSAY) - Ans Infant mortality- number of infant deaths among infants
,age 0-365 days during a year divided by the number of live births during the same year
(expressed as rate per 1,000 live births).
Fetal death rate- Number of fetal deaths a?er 20 weeks or more gesta on divided by the
number of live births plus number of fetal deaths a?er 20 weeks or more gesta on (expressed
as rate per 1,000 fetal deaths).
Perinatal mortality rate - the number of late fetal deaths a?er 28 weeks or more gesta on plus
infant deaths within 7 days of birth divided by the number of live births plus the number of late
fetal deaths during a year (expressed as rate per 1,000 live births and fetal deaths).
Tetanus, rubella, measles - All of above - Ans Examples of reportable and no fiable diseases
include:
Surveillance - Ans The purpose of state cancer registries include is
Birth cer ficates - Ans Studies of the effects of exposure to teratogens have used data from?
Name some examples of person variables - A and B only - Ans Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic
studies, Mar al Status, Na vity (Place of Origin), Migra on, Religion.
Clustering - Ans can be spa al or temporal.
hypothesis - Ans Determining whether a par cular exposure to a disease is related to a given
outcome should involve formula ng a ?
True ; associa on - Ans An associa on between an exposure factor and an outcome could be
direct or noncausal.
, Prophylac c, therapeu c, clinical, and crossover design trials. - Ans Name the types of
randomized controlled trials.
Rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria, Blinding or masking to prevent bias, Comparable
measurement of outcomes in treatment and control condi ons. Answer: All of them. - Ans
Randomized controlled trials contain which components?
associa on - Ans The odds ra o is a direct measure of what between an exposure and an
outcome.
Ecological comparison study that involves an assessment of the associa on between exposure
rates and disease rates during the same me period. One advantage of ecologic studies is that it
may provide informa on about the context of health. One disadvantage is ecologic fallacy
(studies that claims that worldwide rich ci es have higher coronary heart disease than poor
ci es). - Ans Give an example of a hypothe cal ecologic study. Name and describe one
advantage and one disadvantage of ecologic studies.
Randomized controlled trial are experimental study designs while cohort and case control
studies are non-experimental. The challenges to the validity and biases of study designs are
external validity, sampling error, internal validity, and bias. Bias due cofounding is a challenge
that case control studies and cohort studies experience. Bias is due to suscep bility in
recollec on about exposure and reverse causality. Also, because it can only examine a single or
limited set of outcomes. With RCT studies, trials can be me consuming and subject to sampling
errors due to inappropriate use of design that compromise with results. - Ans Describe briefly
the challenges to the validity and biases of study designs. How do they challenge case-control
studies, cohort studies, and randomized controlled trials. (ESSAY)
Internal validity- refers to the degree to which the study has used methodologically sound
procedures. Ex: Lab seJng ensures high internal validity because external influences are
reduced.
External validity- refers to one's ability to generalize from the results of the study to an external
popula on. The lab environment has a low external validity because it is different from the
outside world that has external influencing factors. - Ans In a few lines, compare and contrast
