MIC 205 EXAM 1 (CHAPTERS 1,3,4,5,11) QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION!!
Describe the world-changing scientific contributions of Leeuwenhoek. Answer
- A Dutch tailor, merchant, and lens grinder, and the man who discovered the
bacterial world. He made his own magnifying lenses - simple microscopes - and
observed many things in close detail. He discovered the microbial world and
bacteria.
Define microbes in the words of Leeuwenhoek and as we know them today.
Answer - Leeuwenhoek named the bacteria he saw under the microscope
microorganisms and today we call them microbes. He described
microorganisms as a "quantity of matter no bigger than 1/100 part of a grain of
sand.
List six groups of microorganisms. Answer - 1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Fungi
4. Protozoa
5. Algae
6. Viruses
Explain why protozoa, algae, and nonmicroblal parasitic worms are studied in
microbiology. Answer - Protozoa and nonmicroblal parasitic worms are studied
in microbiology because they can cause disease. Algae is studied in
microbiology because it provides most of the world's oxygen as a by-product of
photosynthesis and it is used in agar as a solidifying agent in laboratories.
,List and answer four questions that propelled research in what is called the
"Golden Age of Microbiology." Answer - 1. Is spontaneous generation of
microbial life possible?
No it is not.
2. What causes fermentation?
Fermentation is caused by a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids,
gases, or alcohol. It occurs in yeast and bacteria, and also in oxygen-starved
muscle cells, as in the case of lactic acid fermentation.
3. What causes disease?
Disease is caused by microorganisms and pathogens.
4. How can we prevent infection and disease?
Antiseptic technique, cleanliness, immunology, etc.
Identify the scientists who argued in favor of spontaneous generation. Answer
- John T Needham was the only scientist noted to argue in favor of
spontaneous generation.
Compare and contrast the investigations of Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, and
Pasteur concerning spontaneous generation. Answer - Redi was responsible for
the decaying meat/flies/maggots experiment. Needham argued that
spontaneous generation was legit because he boiled sealed beef and plant
matter in vials and organisms survived. Spallanzani disproved Needham's
findings when he repeated the same experiment and no organisms survived.
Pasteur, using swan neck flasks, proved that spontaneous generation is not
possible.
List four steps in the scientific method of investigation. Answer - 1. A group of
observations leads a scientist to ask a question about some phenomenon.
2. The scientist generates a hypothesis - that is, a potential answer to the
question.
, 3. The scientist designs and conducts an experiment to test the hypothesis.
4. Based on the observed results of the experiment, the scientist either
accepts, rejects, or modifies the hypothesis.
Discuss the significance of Pasteur's fermentation experiments in our world
today. Answer - Pasteur's discovery that anaerobic bacteria fermented grape
juice into acids suggested a method for preventing the spoilage of wine. His
name became a household word when he developed pasteurization, a process
of heating the grape juice just enough to kill most contaminating bacteria w/o
changing the juice's basic qualities so that yeast could be added to ensure
alcohol fermentation.
Explain why Pasteur may be considered the Father of Microbiology. Answer -
Because of his many, varied, and significant accomplishments in working with
microbes.
Identify the scientist whose experiments led to the field of biochemistry and
the study of metabolism. Answer - Eduard Buchner
List at least seven contributions made by Koch to the field of microbiology.
Answer - 1. Simple staining techniques for bacterial cells and flagella
2. The first photomicrograph of bacteria
3. The first photograph of bacteria in diseased tissue
4. Techniques for estimating the number of bacteria in a solution based on the
number of colonies that form after inoculation onto a solid surface
5. The use of steam to sterilize growth media
6. The use of Petri dishes to hold solid growth media
7. Laboratory techniques such as transferring bacteria between media using a
metal wire that has been heat-sterilized in a flame
8. Elucidation of bacteria as distinct species
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION!!
Describe the world-changing scientific contributions of Leeuwenhoek. Answer
- A Dutch tailor, merchant, and lens grinder, and the man who discovered the
bacterial world. He made his own magnifying lenses - simple microscopes - and
observed many things in close detail. He discovered the microbial world and
bacteria.
Define microbes in the words of Leeuwenhoek and as we know them today.
Answer - Leeuwenhoek named the bacteria he saw under the microscope
microorganisms and today we call them microbes. He described
microorganisms as a "quantity of matter no bigger than 1/100 part of a grain of
sand.
List six groups of microorganisms. Answer - 1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Fungi
4. Protozoa
5. Algae
6. Viruses
Explain why protozoa, algae, and nonmicroblal parasitic worms are studied in
microbiology. Answer - Protozoa and nonmicroblal parasitic worms are studied
in microbiology because they can cause disease. Algae is studied in
microbiology because it provides most of the world's oxygen as a by-product of
photosynthesis and it is used in agar as a solidifying agent in laboratories.
,List and answer four questions that propelled research in what is called the
"Golden Age of Microbiology." Answer - 1. Is spontaneous generation of
microbial life possible?
No it is not.
2. What causes fermentation?
Fermentation is caused by a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids,
gases, or alcohol. It occurs in yeast and bacteria, and also in oxygen-starved
muscle cells, as in the case of lactic acid fermentation.
3. What causes disease?
Disease is caused by microorganisms and pathogens.
4. How can we prevent infection and disease?
Antiseptic technique, cleanliness, immunology, etc.
Identify the scientists who argued in favor of spontaneous generation. Answer
- John T Needham was the only scientist noted to argue in favor of
spontaneous generation.
Compare and contrast the investigations of Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, and
Pasteur concerning spontaneous generation. Answer - Redi was responsible for
the decaying meat/flies/maggots experiment. Needham argued that
spontaneous generation was legit because he boiled sealed beef and plant
matter in vials and organisms survived. Spallanzani disproved Needham's
findings when he repeated the same experiment and no organisms survived.
Pasteur, using swan neck flasks, proved that spontaneous generation is not
possible.
List four steps in the scientific method of investigation. Answer - 1. A group of
observations leads a scientist to ask a question about some phenomenon.
2. The scientist generates a hypothesis - that is, a potential answer to the
question.
, 3. The scientist designs and conducts an experiment to test the hypothesis.
4. Based on the observed results of the experiment, the scientist either
accepts, rejects, or modifies the hypothesis.
Discuss the significance of Pasteur's fermentation experiments in our world
today. Answer - Pasteur's discovery that anaerobic bacteria fermented grape
juice into acids suggested a method for preventing the spoilage of wine. His
name became a household word when he developed pasteurization, a process
of heating the grape juice just enough to kill most contaminating bacteria w/o
changing the juice's basic qualities so that yeast could be added to ensure
alcohol fermentation.
Explain why Pasteur may be considered the Father of Microbiology. Answer -
Because of his many, varied, and significant accomplishments in working with
microbes.
Identify the scientist whose experiments led to the field of biochemistry and
the study of metabolism. Answer - Eduard Buchner
List at least seven contributions made by Koch to the field of microbiology.
Answer - 1. Simple staining techniques for bacterial cells and flagella
2. The first photomicrograph of bacteria
3. The first photograph of bacteria in diseased tissue
4. Techniques for estimating the number of bacteria in a solution based on the
number of colonies that form after inoculation onto a solid surface
5. The use of steam to sterilize growth media
6. The use of Petri dishes to hold solid growth media
7. Laboratory techniques such as transferring bacteria between media using a
metal wire that has been heat-sterilized in a flame
8. Elucidation of bacteria as distinct species
