D439 EXAMINATION TEST SOLVED
QUESTIONS AND FULL COURSE MATERIALS
UPDATED 2026.
◍ What was one barrier to the development of the nursing profession
in the United States after the Civil War?
a.independence of nursing orders
b.lack of educational standards
c.hospital-based schools of nursing
d.lack of influence from nursing leaders. Answer: b. lack of education
standards
◍ Which nurse posited a theory that can be practically applied to
nursing as follows: "Nurses modify unhealthy aspects of the
environment to put the client in the best condition for nature to act."
a. Dorothea Orem
b. Sister Callista Roy
c. Florence Nightingale
d. Virginia Henderson. Answer: c. Florence Nightingale
◍ What historical event led to the demise of nursing in England
before the time of Florence Nightingale?. Answer: When religions
groups were exiled to western Europe during the schism between
,King Henry VIII and the Catholic Church. (The management of
parochial hospitals and the ill within them fell to the state)
◍ Reforms for which Florence Nightingale is responsible.. Answer:
Training women for future work
Selecting only those with upstanding characters as potential nurses
Improving sanitary conditions for the sick and injured
Significantly reducing the death rate of British soldiers
Providing classroom education and clinical teaching
Advocating that nursing education should be lifelong
◍ Name three ways that nurses used their skills in the early history of
US nursing.. Answer: 1. Nurses moved into communities and
established "settlement houses
2. Provided midwifery services
3. Volunteered during wartime
◍ Art of Nursing. Answer: Ability to perform act skillfully
◍ Science of Nursing. Answer: body of knowledge unique to a
particular subject; develops from observing and studying the
relationship of one phenomenon to another
◍ Nursing Theory: Environmental Theory. Answer: External
conditions such as ventilation, light, odor, and cleanliness can prevent,
suppress, or contribute to disease or death.
, Florence Nighingale
◍ Nursing Theory: Basic Needs Theory. Answer: People have basic
needs that are components of health. The significance and value of
these needs are unique to each person.
Virginia Henderson
◍ Nursing Theory: Self-Care Theory. Answer: People learn behaviors
that they perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health, and
well-being.
Dorothea Orem
◍ Nursing Theory: Adaptation Theory. Answer: Humans are
biopsychosocial beings; a change in one component results in
adaptive changes in the others.
◍ Nursing Process. Answer: organized sequence of problem-solving
steps used to identify and manage the health problems of clients
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
◍ Characteristics of Nursing Process. Answer: Within the legal scope
of nursing.
QUESTIONS AND FULL COURSE MATERIALS
UPDATED 2026.
◍ What was one barrier to the development of the nursing profession
in the United States after the Civil War?
a.independence of nursing orders
b.lack of educational standards
c.hospital-based schools of nursing
d.lack of influence from nursing leaders. Answer: b. lack of education
standards
◍ Which nurse posited a theory that can be practically applied to
nursing as follows: "Nurses modify unhealthy aspects of the
environment to put the client in the best condition for nature to act."
a. Dorothea Orem
b. Sister Callista Roy
c. Florence Nightingale
d. Virginia Henderson. Answer: c. Florence Nightingale
◍ What historical event led to the demise of nursing in England
before the time of Florence Nightingale?. Answer: When religions
groups were exiled to western Europe during the schism between
,King Henry VIII and the Catholic Church. (The management of
parochial hospitals and the ill within them fell to the state)
◍ Reforms for which Florence Nightingale is responsible.. Answer:
Training women for future work
Selecting only those with upstanding characters as potential nurses
Improving sanitary conditions for the sick and injured
Significantly reducing the death rate of British soldiers
Providing classroom education and clinical teaching
Advocating that nursing education should be lifelong
◍ Name three ways that nurses used their skills in the early history of
US nursing.. Answer: 1. Nurses moved into communities and
established "settlement houses
2. Provided midwifery services
3. Volunteered during wartime
◍ Art of Nursing. Answer: Ability to perform act skillfully
◍ Science of Nursing. Answer: body of knowledge unique to a
particular subject; develops from observing and studying the
relationship of one phenomenon to another
◍ Nursing Theory: Environmental Theory. Answer: External
conditions such as ventilation, light, odor, and cleanliness can prevent,
suppress, or contribute to disease or death.
, Florence Nighingale
◍ Nursing Theory: Basic Needs Theory. Answer: People have basic
needs that are components of health. The significance and value of
these needs are unique to each person.
Virginia Henderson
◍ Nursing Theory: Self-Care Theory. Answer: People learn behaviors
that they perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health, and
well-being.
Dorothea Orem
◍ Nursing Theory: Adaptation Theory. Answer: Humans are
biopsychosocial beings; a change in one component results in
adaptive changes in the others.
◍ Nursing Process. Answer: organized sequence of problem-solving
steps used to identify and manage the health problems of clients
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
◍ Characteristics of Nursing Process. Answer: Within the legal scope
of nursing.
