Comprehensive Health Reform | Exam D – Chapter 10 | 50 Q&A | HLSC240 | NHI, Bismarck Model, Health Security Act, Truman Plan

This document presents a complete, high-quality set of 50 solved exam questions and answers for Exam D, Chapter 10, under the course code HLSC240, focusing on the history and evolution of comprehensive health reform in the United States and internationally. It offers an in-depth exploration of National Health Insurance (NHI) models, tracing their origins from the Bismarck Sickness Insurance Act of 1883 to U.S. efforts such as the Health Security Act of 1993. Key topics include the early 20th-century political proposals for NHI, including those by Teddy Roosevelt, the opposition by the American Medical Association (AMA), and the influence of global health policy trends. The document outlines landmark reform attempts such as President Truman’s 1949 proposal, the Social Security Act of 1935, and the Wagner-Murray-Dingell Bills. It covers the role of organized labor, hospital associations, and insurers in shaping legislative outcomes. The resource explains financing mechanisms (e.g., payroll tax, mixed public-private funding), administrative models, and controversies surrounding “socialized medicine.” A large portion of the content is devoted to the Health Security Act of 1993, detailing its goals, structure, proposed benefits (HMO, PPO, fee-for-service options), and the reasons behind its defeat—including industry opposition and political challenges. Additional insights include the effects of managed care, insurance mandates, and portability issues. This document is particularly suited for students in Health Sciences, Public Health, Nursing, Healthcare Policy, U.S. History, Political Science, and Medical Sociology. It is also highly relevant for pre-med and healthcare administration students aiming to understand the political, economic, and institutional factors behind American healthcare reform efforts. Keywords: healthcare reform, National Health Insurance, Bismarck model, Social Security Act, Health Security Act, Truman healthcare plan, managed care, AMA opposition, U.S. health policy, compulsory insurance, public vs private healthcare, Clinton healthcare reform, health coverage mandate, HLSC240