EXSS 288 Final Exam Guide 2026: BLS,
CPR & First Aid Test Questions & Answers
What does the bony alignment of the spine do? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-
Support for posture and allow for muscle connection, ligament
connection, nerves to branch out and innervate body
best way to prevent spinal injury - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-prevention!
how to prevent spinal injuires - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔--exercising to
strengthen muscles
-good posture
-not put stress on back in ways you shouldn't
-avoiding axial loading
-maintain good "core" strength and posture
axial loading - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-force straight down each of
vertebrae
Provides protection for spinal cord
,The ribs are connected to what - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-transverse process
brachial plexus - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-network of nerves originating at
the spinal cord
innervates chest, shoulder, and arms
What cervical vertebrae sticks out with flexion - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-C7
How many thoracic vertebrae are there? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-12
How many lumbar vertebrae are there? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-5 (L1-L5)
what does the lumbar region do - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-supports the
lower back; thickest and largest region
What is the sacrum - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔--fusion of 5 vertebrae and 2
hip bones (SI joints)
-"keystone" of pelvic girdle
Coccyx - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-aka tailbone
4+ fused vertebrae
Intervertebral Discs - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-lie between each vertebrae
act as shock absorbers
2 parts of intervertebral discs - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-nucleus pulposus
and annulus fibrosus
Back leaning forward - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-flexion
back leaning back - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-extension
, leaning to one side - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-lateral flexion
Lordotic curve - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-extension at cervical and lumbar
kyphotic curve - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-flexion at thoracic and sacral
lordisis - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-excessive extension at lumbar
kyphosis - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-excessive curvature at thoracic
ex. football player gets tackled on ground at head
Cervical Fractures - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-relatively uncommon in
athletes (more common in impact sports)
MOI: axial loading at head (rotation of the head can increase
severity)
S/S of Cervical fractures - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔--point tenderness over
cervical vertebrae
-restricted ROM
-cervical muscle spasm
-numbness in the trunk and/or extremities
-weakness/paralysis in the trunk and/or extremities
-loss of bladder and/or bowel control
care of cervical fractures - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-if suspected fx, individual
should NOT be moved unless by trained professionals
pain active resistive wrist extension and supination (pain w/ passive
flexion and pronation)
Epicondylitis Care - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-sling (sometimes), rest,
cryotherapy or heat through ultrasound
CPR & First Aid Test Questions & Answers
What does the bony alignment of the spine do? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-
Support for posture and allow for muscle connection, ligament
connection, nerves to branch out and innervate body
best way to prevent spinal injury - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-prevention!
how to prevent spinal injuires - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔--exercising to
strengthen muscles
-good posture
-not put stress on back in ways you shouldn't
-avoiding axial loading
-maintain good "core" strength and posture
axial loading - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-force straight down each of
vertebrae
Provides protection for spinal cord
,The ribs are connected to what - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-transverse process
brachial plexus - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-network of nerves originating at
the spinal cord
innervates chest, shoulder, and arms
What cervical vertebrae sticks out with flexion - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-C7
How many thoracic vertebrae are there? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-12
How many lumbar vertebrae are there? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-5 (L1-L5)
what does the lumbar region do - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-supports the
lower back; thickest and largest region
What is the sacrum - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔--fusion of 5 vertebrae and 2
hip bones (SI joints)
-"keystone" of pelvic girdle
Coccyx - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-aka tailbone
4+ fused vertebrae
Intervertebral Discs - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-lie between each vertebrae
act as shock absorbers
2 parts of intervertebral discs - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-nucleus pulposus
and annulus fibrosus
Back leaning forward - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-flexion
back leaning back - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-extension
, leaning to one side - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-lateral flexion
Lordotic curve - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-extension at cervical and lumbar
kyphotic curve - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-flexion at thoracic and sacral
lordisis - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-excessive extension at lumbar
kyphosis - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-excessive curvature at thoracic
ex. football player gets tackled on ground at head
Cervical Fractures - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-relatively uncommon in
athletes (more common in impact sports)
MOI: axial loading at head (rotation of the head can increase
severity)
S/S of Cervical fractures - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔--point tenderness over
cervical vertebrae
-restricted ROM
-cervical muscle spasm
-numbness in the trunk and/or extremities
-weakness/paralysis in the trunk and/or extremities
-loss of bladder and/or bowel control
care of cervical fractures - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-if suspected fx, individual
should NOT be moved unless by trained professionals
pain active resistive wrist extension and supination (pain w/ passive
flexion and pronation)
Epicondylitis Care - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-sling (sometimes), rest,
cryotherapy or heat through ultrasound
