FTCE ESOL K-12 Exam Actual
Questions and Answers 2026
Chomsky-no dialect or language is more complex or sophisticated
than the other. We are all born with the capacity to learn any
language w/o formal instruction -
correct answer ✅Universal Grammar
Language Aquisition Device -
correct answer ✅LAD
set of rules that could be used to produce language -
correct answer ✅Generative Grammar
our ideas, what we mean-derive meaning from social context -
correct answer ✅Deep Structure
what we say or write-literal meaning of words -
correct answer ✅Surface Structure
Krashen- grammatical structures aquired in a predictable order,
independent of the order grammar is taught -
correct answer ✅Natural Order Hypothesis
,FTCE ESOL K-12 Exam Actual
Questions and Answers 2026
Krashen-Pre-production (silent period), early production, speech
emergence, intermediate fluency, advanced fluency -
correct answer ✅Stages of SLA
Krashen-i+1, language input slightly above current level yields
optimal growth -
correct answer ✅Input Hypothesis/Comprehensible Input
Krashen-mental block can be produced by negative factors such as
anxiety, low motivation, self confidence -
correct answer ✅Affective Filter
Vygotsky-distance between developmental level and level of
potential development. Area between independent performance
and assisted performance -
correct answer ✅Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
learner's abiity to apply and use grammatical uses, form correct
utterances and know how and when to use them appropriately. The
ability to communicate effectively and to vary communication styles
appropriately in various contexts. Social and pragmatic
competence. -
correct answer ✅Communicative Competence
,FTCE ESOL K-12 Exam Actual
Questions and Answers 2026
effect of L1 on production of L2 -
correct answer ✅Language Interference
interference of previous learning inprocess of learning something
new -
correct answer ✅Negative Transfer
language system "inbetween" L1 & L2 that student develops while
learning the L2 but is neither L1 or L2 -
correct answer ✅Interlanguage
Social underlying proficiency (conversational language) -
correct answer ✅SUP
Common underlying proficiency - commonalities between L1 & L2,
skills, ideas, concepts that students learn in L1 transfer to L2 -
correct answer ✅CUP
Cummins-Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills - social setting
language skills -
correct answer ✅BICS
, FTCE ESOL K-12 Exam Actual
Questions and Answers 2026
Cummins-Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency - languatge
needed to acquire academic skills and concepts -
correct answer ✅CALP
A-cognitively undemanding/context embedded; B-cognitively
demanding/context embedded; C-cognitively
undemanding/context reduced; D-cognitively demanding/context
reduced -
correct answer ✅Cummins Quadrant
class of speech sounds, ie. /t/ are the smallest unit o sound that
affects meaning. -
correct answer ✅Phoneme
one part vowel -
correct answer ✅Monothong
occurs in unstressed word or syllable -schwa most common -
correct answer ✅Reduced Vowel
Questions and Answers 2026
Chomsky-no dialect or language is more complex or sophisticated
than the other. We are all born with the capacity to learn any
language w/o formal instruction -
correct answer ✅Universal Grammar
Language Aquisition Device -
correct answer ✅LAD
set of rules that could be used to produce language -
correct answer ✅Generative Grammar
our ideas, what we mean-derive meaning from social context -
correct answer ✅Deep Structure
what we say or write-literal meaning of words -
correct answer ✅Surface Structure
Krashen- grammatical structures aquired in a predictable order,
independent of the order grammar is taught -
correct answer ✅Natural Order Hypothesis
,FTCE ESOL K-12 Exam Actual
Questions and Answers 2026
Krashen-Pre-production (silent period), early production, speech
emergence, intermediate fluency, advanced fluency -
correct answer ✅Stages of SLA
Krashen-i+1, language input slightly above current level yields
optimal growth -
correct answer ✅Input Hypothesis/Comprehensible Input
Krashen-mental block can be produced by negative factors such as
anxiety, low motivation, self confidence -
correct answer ✅Affective Filter
Vygotsky-distance between developmental level and level of
potential development. Area between independent performance
and assisted performance -
correct answer ✅Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
learner's abiity to apply and use grammatical uses, form correct
utterances and know how and when to use them appropriately. The
ability to communicate effectively and to vary communication styles
appropriately in various contexts. Social and pragmatic
competence. -
correct answer ✅Communicative Competence
,FTCE ESOL K-12 Exam Actual
Questions and Answers 2026
effect of L1 on production of L2 -
correct answer ✅Language Interference
interference of previous learning inprocess of learning something
new -
correct answer ✅Negative Transfer
language system "inbetween" L1 & L2 that student develops while
learning the L2 but is neither L1 or L2 -
correct answer ✅Interlanguage
Social underlying proficiency (conversational language) -
correct answer ✅SUP
Common underlying proficiency - commonalities between L1 & L2,
skills, ideas, concepts that students learn in L1 transfer to L2 -
correct answer ✅CUP
Cummins-Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills - social setting
language skills -
correct answer ✅BICS
, FTCE ESOL K-12 Exam Actual
Questions and Answers 2026
Cummins-Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency - languatge
needed to acquire academic skills and concepts -
correct answer ✅CALP
A-cognitively undemanding/context embedded; B-cognitively
demanding/context embedded; C-cognitively
undemanding/context reduced; D-cognitively demanding/context
reduced -
correct answer ✅Cummins Quadrant
class of speech sounds, ie. /t/ are the smallest unit o sound that
affects meaning. -
correct answer ✅Phoneme
one part vowel -
correct answer ✅Monothong
occurs in unstressed word or syllable -schwa most common -
correct answer ✅Reduced Vowel
