RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
◍ _________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe
ulceration with hemorrhage - Acute Gastritis
◍ _________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be
accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain - Acute Gastritis
◍ _________ Gastritis develops gradually. - Chronic Gastritis
◍ Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive - Chronic
Gastritis
◍ Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort,
and hematemesis. - Acute Gastritis
◍ Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a
dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake. -
Chronic Gastritis
,◍ Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an
infection or allergic reaction - Gastroenteritis
◍ Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease -
Chronic Gastroenteritis
◍ Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or
undercooked chicken or eggs - Acute Gastroenteritis
◍ Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea,
and vomiting - Gastroenteritis
◍ Most common cause of chronic gastritis - Helicobacter pylori
◍ Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that
cause inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors
(smoking and stress) may increase the susceptibility - Helicobacter
pylori
◍ Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water
contamination, long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
excessive alcohol use, severe stress, autoimmune conditions, and other
chronic disease - Gastritis
,◍ Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage -
Chronic Gastritis
◍ Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain,
abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise.
Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and bleeding.
- Gastritis
◍ Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus.
Bile can also back up into the esophagus. - GERD (Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease)
◍ These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa - GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◍ Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated
beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint),
alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain
medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers, calcium-channel
blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed
gastric emptying - GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◍ Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or
when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis,
regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat. - GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
, ◍ Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal
cancer, and chronic pulmonary disease - GERD (Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease)
◍ Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac
disease - GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◍ Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum - Peptic
Ulcer Disease (PUD)
◍ Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drug use (NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric
tumors, and those for GERD. - Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
◍ Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration
through the GI tract wall. Develops because of an imbalance between
destructive forces and protective mechanisms - Peptic Ulcer Disease
(PUD)
◍ Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
◍ _________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe
ulceration with hemorrhage - Acute Gastritis
◍ _________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be
accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain - Acute Gastritis
◍ _________ Gastritis develops gradually. - Chronic Gastritis
◍ Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive - Chronic
Gastritis
◍ Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort,
and hematemesis. - Acute Gastritis
◍ Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a
dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake. -
Chronic Gastritis
,◍ Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an
infection or allergic reaction - Gastroenteritis
◍ Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease -
Chronic Gastroenteritis
◍ Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or
undercooked chicken or eggs - Acute Gastroenteritis
◍ Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea,
and vomiting - Gastroenteritis
◍ Most common cause of chronic gastritis - Helicobacter pylori
◍ Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that
cause inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors
(smoking and stress) may increase the susceptibility - Helicobacter
pylori
◍ Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water
contamination, long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
excessive alcohol use, severe stress, autoimmune conditions, and other
chronic disease - Gastritis
,◍ Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage -
Chronic Gastritis
◍ Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain,
abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise.
Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and bleeding.
- Gastritis
◍ Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus.
Bile can also back up into the esophagus. - GERD (Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease)
◍ These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa - GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◍ Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated
beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint),
alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain
medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers, calcium-channel
blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed
gastric emptying - GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◍ Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or
when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis,
regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat. - GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
, ◍ Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal
cancer, and chronic pulmonary disease - GERD (Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease)
◍ Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac
disease - GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◍ Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum - Peptic
Ulcer Disease (PUD)
◍ Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drug use (NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric
tumors, and those for GERD. - Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
◍ Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration
through the GI tract wall. Develops because of an imbalance between
destructive forces and protective mechanisms - Peptic Ulcer Disease
(PUD)
◍ Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
