CJ 220 TOP EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
Sutherland white collar crime - CORRECT ANSWERS two elements: 1. offender element-
the offender must be of high status. 2. offense element- the offense must be occupationally
based. Philadelphia Address- called for the need to examine crimes committed by corporations
and the upper, applied his theory of differential association and suggested behavior was learned
confidence gap/ legitimacy crisis - CORRECT ANSWERS perceptions of anti-business were
fueled by a plummeting confidence in corporations
unethical cultures - CORRECT ANSWERS Clinard and Yeager in Corporate Crime argued for
a culture of the corporation: two factors: 1. culture is formed by beliefs or rationalizations that
define which laws should be followed or ignored. 2. corporations indoctrinate their members
into this culture through the corporate mind
oppositional cultures - CORRECT ANSWERS Braithwaite: labeling theory and
reintegrative/stigmatizing shaming. Stigmatizing shaming fosters a new culture that is
supportive of WCC.
the normalization of deviance - CORRECT ANSWERS both engineers and managers
normalize risks and neutralized perceptions of danger
strain and anomie - CORRECT ANSWERS normlessness is rampant among business
organizations. Goal attachment is achieved by any means necessary, resulting in crime/little
attention is paid to business ethics
criminogenic opportunities - CORRECT ANSWERS Benson and Simpson: criminal
opportunity involves two factors- 1. there must be an attractive target. 2. there must be an
absence of capable guardianship. Applying rational choice theory to WCC, there are three
, factors that provide opportunity. 1. the offender has legitimate access to the location in which
the crime is committed. 2. the offender is spatially separated from the victim. 3. the offender's
actions have a superficial appearance of legitimacy
Techniques of neutralization - CORRECT ANSWERS Sutherland noted that WCC learn
rationalizations to justify their offending. Cressey applied these rationalizations to bank
embezzlers and fund three factors that allowed respectable people to take other peoples
money. 1. they had to face a non-sharable problem such as worries over unpaid debts or
excessive family expenses. 2. had to hold a position of financial trust. 3. had to invoke
rationalizations that defined their violation of trust nat as a crime but something else
white collar crime as a rational choice - CORRECT ANSWERS Paternoster and Simpson: key
decision to offend relies on the perceived utility of the act- benefits of committing crime
outweigh the costs. More likely to occur when: 1. perceive that formal and informal sanctions
will be weak. 2. do not experience a loss of self-respect. 3. lack a strong morality or have
embraced an organizational culture of crime. 4. view rules as unfair. 5. judge both the benefits
of noncompliance and the costs of compliance as high. 6. have broken the law in the past
state-initiated corporate crime - CORRECT ANSWERS occurs when corporations. employed
by the government, engage in organizational deviance at the direction of the government
state-facilitated corporate crime - CORRECT ANSWERS occurs when government
regulatory institutions fail to restrain deviant business activities, either because of direct
collusion between business and government or because they adhere to shared goals whose
attainment would be hampered by aggressive regulation
conservative criminology - CORRECT ANSWERS 2 major propositions: 1. crime is a rational
choice made by the individual.(denial that crime has any root causes in structural arrangements
in society) 2. individuals must be controlled/restrained (policies/interventions are aimed at
control, harsh punishment will deter people from crime)
ANSWERS
Sutherland white collar crime - CORRECT ANSWERS two elements: 1. offender element-
the offender must be of high status. 2. offense element- the offense must be occupationally
based. Philadelphia Address- called for the need to examine crimes committed by corporations
and the upper, applied his theory of differential association and suggested behavior was learned
confidence gap/ legitimacy crisis - CORRECT ANSWERS perceptions of anti-business were
fueled by a plummeting confidence in corporations
unethical cultures - CORRECT ANSWERS Clinard and Yeager in Corporate Crime argued for
a culture of the corporation: two factors: 1. culture is formed by beliefs or rationalizations that
define which laws should be followed or ignored. 2. corporations indoctrinate their members
into this culture through the corporate mind
oppositional cultures - CORRECT ANSWERS Braithwaite: labeling theory and
reintegrative/stigmatizing shaming. Stigmatizing shaming fosters a new culture that is
supportive of WCC.
the normalization of deviance - CORRECT ANSWERS both engineers and managers
normalize risks and neutralized perceptions of danger
strain and anomie - CORRECT ANSWERS normlessness is rampant among business
organizations. Goal attachment is achieved by any means necessary, resulting in crime/little
attention is paid to business ethics
criminogenic opportunities - CORRECT ANSWERS Benson and Simpson: criminal
opportunity involves two factors- 1. there must be an attractive target. 2. there must be an
absence of capable guardianship. Applying rational choice theory to WCC, there are three
, factors that provide opportunity. 1. the offender has legitimate access to the location in which
the crime is committed. 2. the offender is spatially separated from the victim. 3. the offender's
actions have a superficial appearance of legitimacy
Techniques of neutralization - CORRECT ANSWERS Sutherland noted that WCC learn
rationalizations to justify their offending. Cressey applied these rationalizations to bank
embezzlers and fund three factors that allowed respectable people to take other peoples
money. 1. they had to face a non-sharable problem such as worries over unpaid debts or
excessive family expenses. 2. had to hold a position of financial trust. 3. had to invoke
rationalizations that defined their violation of trust nat as a crime but something else
white collar crime as a rational choice - CORRECT ANSWERS Paternoster and Simpson: key
decision to offend relies on the perceived utility of the act- benefits of committing crime
outweigh the costs. More likely to occur when: 1. perceive that formal and informal sanctions
will be weak. 2. do not experience a loss of self-respect. 3. lack a strong morality or have
embraced an organizational culture of crime. 4. view rules as unfair. 5. judge both the benefits
of noncompliance and the costs of compliance as high. 6. have broken the law in the past
state-initiated corporate crime - CORRECT ANSWERS occurs when corporations. employed
by the government, engage in organizational deviance at the direction of the government
state-facilitated corporate crime - CORRECT ANSWERS occurs when government
regulatory institutions fail to restrain deviant business activities, either because of direct
collusion between business and government or because they adhere to shared goals whose
attainment would be hampered by aggressive regulation
conservative criminology - CORRECT ANSWERS 2 major propositions: 1. crime is a rational
choice made by the individual.(denial that crime has any root causes in structural arrangements
in society) 2. individuals must be controlled/restrained (policies/interventions are aimed at
control, harsh punishment will deter people from crime)
