BBH 440 EXAM 4 ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
descriptive studies - (ANSWER)- can ONLY be observational studies
- research is NOT testing hypotheses
- researcher is reporting health data by person, place, time, etc.
* descriptive has to be observational, but observation does not have to be descriptive)
analytic studies - (ANSWER)- can be observational OR experimental studies
- researcher IS testing hypothesis
- researcher is comparing groups to find causal relationships between exposures and outcomes
observational VS. experimental studies - (ANSWER)in observational studies, assignment to treatment or
control groups is outside the control of the investigator
"orientation = present" research methods - (ANSWER)1. case study/report
2. case series
3. surveillance studies
4. cross-sectional studies
5. ecological studies
"orientation = past" research methods - (ANSWER)1. case-control
"orientation = future" research methods - (ANSWER)1. cohort studies (prospective & retrospective)
2. community and clinical trials
what type of design is a case study/report? - (ANSWER)descriptive study design
case study/report - (ANSWER)- clinical description of a SINGLE patient
- usually describes an unusual feature or unusual association between an exposure and the outcome
,BBH 440 EXAM 4 ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
- often raises the question of a new health hazard or new clinical syndromes
* define case, describe case *
case series - (ANSWER)- a series of case reports with common elements (similar clinical features,
suspected common exposures)
- can be valuable EARLY indicators of new clinical syndromes or epidemics (e.g., AIDS)
- can be valuable early evidence for associations between exposure and diseases
* define cases, describe cases and common features *
what type of design is a case series? - (ANSWER)descriptive study design
what type of study is the AIDS example? - (ANSWER)case series (descriptive study)
AIDs case series example - (ANSWER)- between October 1980 and May 1981
- pneumocytitus carinii pneumonia reported in young, apparently healthy, homosexual men in Los
Angeles
- an unusual number of young men were also diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma
- subsequent analyses of case reports identified homosexual men, IV drug users, and recipients of blood
transfusions as being high risk
what type of study is the Fen-phen example? - (ANSWER)case series (descriptive)
, BBH 440 EXAM 4 ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
Fen-phen case series example - (ANSWER)Cardiac Valvulopathy Associated with Exposure to
Fenfluramine-Phentermine
- found a case series of 24 women with valvular heart disease who were treated with fen-phen
FDA alerted, issues a public health advisory, FDA withdrawals it from market
case series advantages - (ANSWER)- inexpensive
- can generate hypotheses
- can serve as early indicators of new diseases and epidemics
- can easily be converted to a case-control design (by adding controls)
case series disadvantages - (ANSWER)- no cause/effect interpretation is possible
- without a control group the case series can result in false leads, wasted energy and resources
what type of design are surveillance studies? - (ANSWER)descriptive study designs
active surveillance - (ANSWER)- regular periodic collection of case reports from health care providers
and health facilities - generally mandated
sentinel surveillance (a type of active surveillance) - (ANSWER)- "significant" case reports that indicate
the FAILURE of a critical part of the health care system or indicate that a problem is emerging
- collects data from SMALLER GROUPS than other types of active surveillance
- may observe events that serve as a warning that a system of health care has failed or is failing
descriptive studies - (ANSWER)- can ONLY be observational studies
- research is NOT testing hypotheses
- researcher is reporting health data by person, place, time, etc.
* descriptive has to be observational, but observation does not have to be descriptive)
analytic studies - (ANSWER)- can be observational OR experimental studies
- researcher IS testing hypothesis
- researcher is comparing groups to find causal relationships between exposures and outcomes
observational VS. experimental studies - (ANSWER)in observational studies, assignment to treatment or
control groups is outside the control of the investigator
"orientation = present" research methods - (ANSWER)1. case study/report
2. case series
3. surveillance studies
4. cross-sectional studies
5. ecological studies
"orientation = past" research methods - (ANSWER)1. case-control
"orientation = future" research methods - (ANSWER)1. cohort studies (prospective & retrospective)
2. community and clinical trials
what type of design is a case study/report? - (ANSWER)descriptive study design
case study/report - (ANSWER)- clinical description of a SINGLE patient
- usually describes an unusual feature or unusual association between an exposure and the outcome
,BBH 440 EXAM 4 ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
- often raises the question of a new health hazard or new clinical syndromes
* define case, describe case *
case series - (ANSWER)- a series of case reports with common elements (similar clinical features,
suspected common exposures)
- can be valuable EARLY indicators of new clinical syndromes or epidemics (e.g., AIDS)
- can be valuable early evidence for associations between exposure and diseases
* define cases, describe cases and common features *
what type of design is a case series? - (ANSWER)descriptive study design
what type of study is the AIDS example? - (ANSWER)case series (descriptive study)
AIDs case series example - (ANSWER)- between October 1980 and May 1981
- pneumocytitus carinii pneumonia reported in young, apparently healthy, homosexual men in Los
Angeles
- an unusual number of young men were also diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma
- subsequent analyses of case reports identified homosexual men, IV drug users, and recipients of blood
transfusions as being high risk
what type of study is the Fen-phen example? - (ANSWER)case series (descriptive)
, BBH 440 EXAM 4 ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
Fen-phen case series example - (ANSWER)Cardiac Valvulopathy Associated with Exposure to
Fenfluramine-Phentermine
- found a case series of 24 women with valvular heart disease who were treated with fen-phen
FDA alerted, issues a public health advisory, FDA withdrawals it from market
case series advantages - (ANSWER)- inexpensive
- can generate hypotheses
- can serve as early indicators of new diseases and epidemics
- can easily be converted to a case-control design (by adding controls)
case series disadvantages - (ANSWER)- no cause/effect interpretation is possible
- without a control group the case series can result in false leads, wasted energy and resources
what type of design are surveillance studies? - (ANSWER)descriptive study designs
active surveillance - (ANSWER)- regular periodic collection of case reports from health care providers
and health facilities - generally mandated
sentinel surveillance (a type of active surveillance) - (ANSWER)- "significant" case reports that indicate
the FAILURE of a critical part of the health care system or indicate that a problem is emerging
- collects data from SMALLER GROUPS than other types of active surveillance
- may observe events that serve as a warning that a system of health care has failed or is failing
