NU 545 UNIT 5 TEST 2025 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
Type I Alveolar cells (p1134) - (ANSWER)Cells which provides structure for alveoli.
Type II Alveolar cells (p1134) - (ANSWER)Cells of the alveoli which secrete surfactant.
Surfactant (role in lungs; infant and adult) (p1134) - (ANSWER)A lipoprotein that coats the inner surface
of the alveolus and facilitates its expansion during inspiration. Lowers alveolar surface tension at end
expiration and prevents lung collapse. Contributes to control of lung inflammation and innate and
adaptive immunity.
Infant Surfactant (p1195) - (ANSWER)Is produced by 20-24 weeks of gestation and is secreted into the
fetal airways by 30 weeks.
Chronic Bronchitis
(pathophysiology, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, complications) -
(ANSWER)Hypersecretion of mucous and chronic productive cough that continues for at least 3 months
of the year (usually the winter months) for at least 2 consecutive years.
Patho of Chronic Bronchitis - (ANSWER)Inspired irritants result in airway inflammation with infiltration
of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes into the bronchial wall.
Manifestations of Chronic Bronchitis - (ANSWER)Decreased exercise intolerance, wheezing, and SOB,
productive cough, evidence of airway obstruction (decrease in FEV1) on spirometry, copious amounts of
sputum, frequent pulmonary infections, FVC and FEV1 values are markedly reduced,FRC and Residual
volume (RV) measurements are increased, decreased alveolar ventilation, increased
PaCO2,polycythemia, cyanosis, pulmonary HTN, cor pulmonale which can lead to severe disability or
death.
Gas exchange in the lungs (transport) - (ANSWER)The delivery of oxygen to the cells of the body and the
removal of CO2.
Alveolar ventilation (how is it measured) - (ANSWER)Distention, is made possible by surfactant, which
lowers the surface tension by coating the air-liquid interface in the alveoli.
,NU 545 UNIT 5 TEST 2025 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
Asthma (adult and childhood)
Patho, etiology, prevention, inflammatory mediators, clinical manifestations, treatment (acute and
chronic), complications (p1167) (p1203) - (ANSWER)A chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial
mucosa that causes bronchial hyperresponsiveness, constriction of the airways, and variable airflow
obstruction that is reversible.
Ageing and the pulmonary system - (ANSWER)
How is O2 carried in the blood? - (ANSWER)Hemoglobin in RBCs
How is CO2 carried in the blood? - (ANSWER)in solution or bound to blood proteins, but most is
converted to bicarbonate ion by carbonic anhydrase within RBC's
Postures used to relief breathing difficulties - (ANSWER)• Orthopnea is dyspnea that occurs when an
individual lies flat and is common in individuals with heart failure. Sitting in a forward leaning posture or
supporting the upper body on several pillows generally relieves orthopnea.
• Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) occurs in individuals with heart failure or lung disease wake up at
night gasping for air and must sit or stand to believe the dyspnea.
pulmonary edema
(patho, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, complications) (p1165) - (ANSWER)fluid
in the air sacs and bronchioles
Excess water in the lung.
LV fails, filling pressures on the L side of heart increase and cause a concomitant increase in pulmonary
capillary hydrostatic pressure.
-When the hydrostatic pressure exceeds oncotic pressure, fluid moves out into the interstitial space (the
space within the alveolar septum b/w alveolus and capillary).
-Fluid is initially picked up by lymphatic vessels and removed from the lung
, NU 545 UNIT 5 TEST 2025 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
-when the flow of fluid out of the capillaries exceeds the lymphatic system's ability to remove it,
pulmonary edema develops.
pulmonary fibrosis
(patho, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, complications) (p1163) -
(ANSWER)formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs
An excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in the lung; can complicate healing after active
pulmonary disease, such as ARDS or TB.
Results from chronic inflammation, alveolar epithelialization, and myofibroblast proliferation
-causes marked loss of lung compliance
-lung becomes stiff and difficult to ventilate and the diffusing capacity of the alveolocapillary membrane
may decrease, causing hypoxemia.
Idiopathic:
Chronic inflammation and fibroproliferation of the interstitial lung tissue around the alveoli.This causes
decreased oxygen diffusion across the alveolocapillary membrane and hypoxemia. As the disease
progresses decreased lung compliance leads to increased work of breathing, decreased tidal volume,
and resultant hypoventilation with hypercapnia.
Occurs with no specific cause for the development of fibrosis
-the most common idiopathic interstitial lung disorder.
Empyemas
(patho, etiology, prevention, clincial manifestations, treatment, complications) - (ANSWER)accumulation
of pus in the pleural cavity
The presence of pus in the pleural space. Thought to develop when the pulmonary lymphatics become
blocked leading to an outpouring of contaminated lymphatic fluid into the pleural space.
Type I Alveolar cells (p1134) - (ANSWER)Cells which provides structure for alveoli.
Type II Alveolar cells (p1134) - (ANSWER)Cells of the alveoli which secrete surfactant.
Surfactant (role in lungs; infant and adult) (p1134) - (ANSWER)A lipoprotein that coats the inner surface
of the alveolus and facilitates its expansion during inspiration. Lowers alveolar surface tension at end
expiration and prevents lung collapse. Contributes to control of lung inflammation and innate and
adaptive immunity.
Infant Surfactant (p1195) - (ANSWER)Is produced by 20-24 weeks of gestation and is secreted into the
fetal airways by 30 weeks.
Chronic Bronchitis
(pathophysiology, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, complications) -
(ANSWER)Hypersecretion of mucous and chronic productive cough that continues for at least 3 months
of the year (usually the winter months) for at least 2 consecutive years.
Patho of Chronic Bronchitis - (ANSWER)Inspired irritants result in airway inflammation with infiltration
of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes into the bronchial wall.
Manifestations of Chronic Bronchitis - (ANSWER)Decreased exercise intolerance, wheezing, and SOB,
productive cough, evidence of airway obstruction (decrease in FEV1) on spirometry, copious amounts of
sputum, frequent pulmonary infections, FVC and FEV1 values are markedly reduced,FRC and Residual
volume (RV) measurements are increased, decreased alveolar ventilation, increased
PaCO2,polycythemia, cyanosis, pulmonary HTN, cor pulmonale which can lead to severe disability or
death.
Gas exchange in the lungs (transport) - (ANSWER)The delivery of oxygen to the cells of the body and the
removal of CO2.
Alveolar ventilation (how is it measured) - (ANSWER)Distention, is made possible by surfactant, which
lowers the surface tension by coating the air-liquid interface in the alveoli.
,NU 545 UNIT 5 TEST 2025 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
Asthma (adult and childhood)
Patho, etiology, prevention, inflammatory mediators, clinical manifestations, treatment (acute and
chronic), complications (p1167) (p1203) - (ANSWER)A chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial
mucosa that causes bronchial hyperresponsiveness, constriction of the airways, and variable airflow
obstruction that is reversible.
Ageing and the pulmonary system - (ANSWER)
How is O2 carried in the blood? - (ANSWER)Hemoglobin in RBCs
How is CO2 carried in the blood? - (ANSWER)in solution or bound to blood proteins, but most is
converted to bicarbonate ion by carbonic anhydrase within RBC's
Postures used to relief breathing difficulties - (ANSWER)• Orthopnea is dyspnea that occurs when an
individual lies flat and is common in individuals with heart failure. Sitting in a forward leaning posture or
supporting the upper body on several pillows generally relieves orthopnea.
• Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) occurs in individuals with heart failure or lung disease wake up at
night gasping for air and must sit or stand to believe the dyspnea.
pulmonary edema
(patho, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, complications) (p1165) - (ANSWER)fluid
in the air sacs and bronchioles
Excess water in the lung.
LV fails, filling pressures on the L side of heart increase and cause a concomitant increase in pulmonary
capillary hydrostatic pressure.
-When the hydrostatic pressure exceeds oncotic pressure, fluid moves out into the interstitial space (the
space within the alveolar septum b/w alveolus and capillary).
-Fluid is initially picked up by lymphatic vessels and removed from the lung
, NU 545 UNIT 5 TEST 2025 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
-when the flow of fluid out of the capillaries exceeds the lymphatic system's ability to remove it,
pulmonary edema develops.
pulmonary fibrosis
(patho, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, complications) (p1163) -
(ANSWER)formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs
An excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in the lung; can complicate healing after active
pulmonary disease, such as ARDS or TB.
Results from chronic inflammation, alveolar epithelialization, and myofibroblast proliferation
-causes marked loss of lung compliance
-lung becomes stiff and difficult to ventilate and the diffusing capacity of the alveolocapillary membrane
may decrease, causing hypoxemia.
Idiopathic:
Chronic inflammation and fibroproliferation of the interstitial lung tissue around the alveoli.This causes
decreased oxygen diffusion across the alveolocapillary membrane and hypoxemia. As the disease
progresses decreased lung compliance leads to increased work of breathing, decreased tidal volume,
and resultant hypoventilation with hypercapnia.
Occurs with no specific cause for the development of fibrosis
-the most common idiopathic interstitial lung disorder.
Empyemas
(patho, etiology, prevention, clincial manifestations, treatment, complications) - (ANSWER)accumulation
of pus in the pleural cavity
The presence of pus in the pleural space. Thought to develop when the pulmonary lymphatics become
blocked leading to an outpouring of contaminated lymphatic fluid into the pleural space.
