NWCA NATIONAL EXAM - STUDY
GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Combining Term - definition - ANSWERSa root word plus a combining vowel; often
describes a body part
Medical Terminology - Combining Term (Meaning/Organ) - ANSWERSStudy common
root words (Table 1-1), common prefixes (Table 1-2), suffixes meaning "pertaining to
(Table 1-3) and common suffixes (Table 1-4)
Order of Digestive System - ANSWERS1. Mouth (lips, tongue, hard and soft palate,
salivary glands and teeth)
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach
5. Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
6. Large intestine (cecum, colon - ascending, transvers and descending)
7. Rectum
8. Anus
Monogastric Stomach - ANSWERScardia, body, pylorus
Ruminant Stomach - ANSWERSrumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
Nonruminant Stomach - ANSWERSsame as monogastric, but with large, long cecum
between small and large intestines
Avian Digestive System differences - ANSWERS-no teeth but beak
-esophagus to crop
-stomach: proventriculus and gizzard
-cloaca or vent (end/rectum)
Organ Order for Urine Excretion - ANSWERS1. Kidneys (cortex, medulla, renal pelvis) -
glomerulus
2. Ureters
3. Bladder
4. Urethra (os penis for males)
Exocrine Glands - Function - ANSWERSrelease substances via ducts to the surface of
organ or skin
Endocrine Glands - Function - ANSWERSsecrete hormones directly into the
bloodstream
, Salivary Glands - Function - ANSWERSmandibular, sublingual, zygomatic, parotid -
produce saliva containing enzymes (amylase)
Sebaceous Glands - Function - ANSWERSsecrete sebum to lubricate skin/hair, provide
waterproofing and antimicrobial protection
Sweat Glands - Function - ANSWERSregulate body temperature and assist in excreting
waste products (eccrine and apocrine - body odor)
Parathyroid Glands - Function - ANSWERSregulate calcium and phosphate levels in
blood via parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Adrenal Glands - Function - ANSWERSsecrete hormones (cortisol - stress, aldosterone
- salt/water balance, and adrenaline/noradrenaline - fight-or-flight response)
Sex Glands - Function (Seminal Vesicles) - ANSWERSMale - produce fluid rich in
fructose (nourishes sperm and motility)
Sex Glands - Function (Ejaculatory Duct) - ANSWERStransports semen during
ejaculation
Sex Glands - Function (Prostate Glands) - ANSWERSsecretes alkaline fluid that
protects sperm in acidic vaginal enviornment
Sex Glands - Function (Bulbourethral Glands) - ANSWERSCowper's Glands - produce
pre-ejaculate fluid that lubricates and neutralized urethra
Vestibular Glands - Function (Vulva) - ANSWERSBartholin's Glands in females -
secrete mucus to lubricate vulva
Mammary Glands - Function - ANSWERSproduce and secrete milk
Meibomian Glands - Function (Ocular System) - ANSWERSsecrete meibum - prevents
evaporation of eye's tear film and keeps eye lubricated
Anal Glands - Function - ANSWERSsecrete scent-marking fluid for territorial behavior
and identification
Scent Glands - Function - ANSWERSsecrete pheromones for communication, mating,
and territory marking
Chin Glands - Function (Reptiles) - ANSWERSsecrete substances for territorial marking
or courtship displays
GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Combining Term - definition - ANSWERSa root word plus a combining vowel; often
describes a body part
Medical Terminology - Combining Term (Meaning/Organ) - ANSWERSStudy common
root words (Table 1-1), common prefixes (Table 1-2), suffixes meaning "pertaining to
(Table 1-3) and common suffixes (Table 1-4)
Order of Digestive System - ANSWERS1. Mouth (lips, tongue, hard and soft palate,
salivary glands and teeth)
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach
5. Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
6. Large intestine (cecum, colon - ascending, transvers and descending)
7. Rectum
8. Anus
Monogastric Stomach - ANSWERScardia, body, pylorus
Ruminant Stomach - ANSWERSrumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
Nonruminant Stomach - ANSWERSsame as monogastric, but with large, long cecum
between small and large intestines
Avian Digestive System differences - ANSWERS-no teeth but beak
-esophagus to crop
-stomach: proventriculus and gizzard
-cloaca or vent (end/rectum)
Organ Order for Urine Excretion - ANSWERS1. Kidneys (cortex, medulla, renal pelvis) -
glomerulus
2. Ureters
3. Bladder
4. Urethra (os penis for males)
Exocrine Glands - Function - ANSWERSrelease substances via ducts to the surface of
organ or skin
Endocrine Glands - Function - ANSWERSsecrete hormones directly into the
bloodstream
, Salivary Glands - Function - ANSWERSmandibular, sublingual, zygomatic, parotid -
produce saliva containing enzymes (amylase)
Sebaceous Glands - Function - ANSWERSsecrete sebum to lubricate skin/hair, provide
waterproofing and antimicrobial protection
Sweat Glands - Function - ANSWERSregulate body temperature and assist in excreting
waste products (eccrine and apocrine - body odor)
Parathyroid Glands - Function - ANSWERSregulate calcium and phosphate levels in
blood via parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Adrenal Glands - Function - ANSWERSsecrete hormones (cortisol - stress, aldosterone
- salt/water balance, and adrenaline/noradrenaline - fight-or-flight response)
Sex Glands - Function (Seminal Vesicles) - ANSWERSMale - produce fluid rich in
fructose (nourishes sperm and motility)
Sex Glands - Function (Ejaculatory Duct) - ANSWERStransports semen during
ejaculation
Sex Glands - Function (Prostate Glands) - ANSWERSsecretes alkaline fluid that
protects sperm in acidic vaginal enviornment
Sex Glands - Function (Bulbourethral Glands) - ANSWERSCowper's Glands - produce
pre-ejaculate fluid that lubricates and neutralized urethra
Vestibular Glands - Function (Vulva) - ANSWERSBartholin's Glands in females -
secrete mucus to lubricate vulva
Mammary Glands - Function - ANSWERSproduce and secrete milk
Meibomian Glands - Function (Ocular System) - ANSWERSsecrete meibum - prevents
evaporation of eye's tear film and keeps eye lubricated
Anal Glands - Function - ANSWERSsecrete scent-marking fluid for territorial behavior
and identification
Scent Glands - Function - ANSWERSsecrete pheromones for communication, mating,
and territory marking
Chin Glands - Function (Reptiles) - ANSWERSsecrete substances for territorial marking
or courtship displays
