2.3: The Restoration of Charles II (1658-1660) THE 2nd RUMP PARLIAMENT (MAY-OCT 1659) THE CONVENTION PARLIAMENT (APR 1660)
What: Army forced R.C. to close 3rd PP after Civilian faction discussed What: New Parl. following fresh elections, containing moderates,
CONTEXT reducing army + religious toleration. Army + Commonwealthsmen form Royalists, and Presbyterians - army had limited influence
alliance + recall Rump Parliament, yet still faced same problems. First
Richard Cromwell: Son of Oliver Cromwell - inherited LP following act to abolish the Protectorate May = Parl. accepts Treaty of Breda, declaring Charles II
Humble Petition + advice. No soldier with any military experience. King.
Avoided London + had no aptitude for the political world. Sided with the The ‘Humble Petition and Address of the Officers’
1641 reforms + laws between 1642-'59 declared null/void.
Civilian faction
Presented by Lambert - a new constitution suggesting a new
Republic + creation of a senate of 'godly people', ensuring England restores Monarchy + is no longer a Republic.
Emerging factions following Oliver Cromwell’s death
Grandees retained authority
NMA (Army) Faction: inc. Generals Fleetwood, Lambert + Desborough.
Sought to maintain the political influence of the Army. R.C. sought to win Civilian faction opposed to proposal + sought Parliamentary
THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL GROUPS
over by appointing Fleetwood as lieutenant-gen + pledged to clear oversight of Army Different roles leading to Charles II restoration
arrears of pay
Military faction in favour Role of the Army: Unable to establish any stable form of
'Civilian Faction': inc. John Thurloe, Gen. Mock + Major-Gen. Goffe. governance + relied upon force. Lost authority over both parl.
Sought to reduce the army's influence over the government. R.C. sought Booth’s Uprising: C.S. organised a pro-Royalist uprising of 4000 men.
+ the population.
to win over by calling a parl. to legitimise his role as LP Lambert + NMA able to suppress uprising, but demonstrated broad
discontent with the Republic Role of General Monck: Previously a royalist during Civil
THE ROLE OF RICHARD CROMWELL Haselrig + Rump declared (50-15) that Lambert, Desborough + 8 other
War but joined military in Ireland under Cromwell. Gained
broad support from Presbyterians, royalists + those seeking
gen. to be expelled and replaced with pro-Parliament figures, i.e. Monck
Strengths Weaknesses restoration of Order via his ambiguous aims, seeking stability
+ Fleetwood. Lambert dissolved the Rump via loyal troops + reasserts
A smooth succession with no R.C. did not have authority in the + strong NMA army under his control. Sent agent to C.S.
the NMA autonomy. Formed a new (4th) form of Government
power struggle between army + thus the consistent loyalty asking (1) To leave the Netherlands to distance himself from
competing factions. of the armed forces. Catholicism, (2) To issue a moderate settlement.
Why did it fail?
Royalists viewed the succession R.C. took little direct interest in
as a disaster for C.S. plan to matters of faith, + aligned himself Rump began discussing adding new MPs without calling Role of Charles II: Positioned himself as a moderate +
reclaim the throne. to no major religious groups. respectable King, distancing away from the Divine Right
elections
R.C. was a civilian not an army R.C. had few natural allies due to theory + Catholicism. Treaty of Breda a moderate + cautious
man, with potential to 'civilianise' lack of political interest, so lacked
the government + remove army a power base + authority.
Planned to replace the NMA with a conventional army that proposals, with many details left to Parl.
influence. would swear its allegiance to Parl.
Role of The Convention Parl.: Fresh elections delivered a
Problems pro-royalist faction decisive in swinging power. Charles II
THE COMMITTEE OF SAFETY (JAN 1660) essentially became King on the terms of pre-Civil War 1641
The Army, particularly army pay - paid in arrears reforms.
What: An interim form of Government containing Bustrode Whitelock +
Divisions in Parl. - couldn't control army vs civilian faction split Lambert (Grandees). Country on verge of anarchy. Numerous Failure of The Commonwealth: Restoration only occurred
conservative forces opposed Committee - initiative returns to Haselrig as no suitable alternative could be found. Governments of
TOPIC ANALYSIS the Commonwealth were supported by an increasingly
Role of Gen. Monck: Gen. Monck + Fairfax marched to London narrow base, relying on the NMA rather than the population.
Key Question: Why did the Protectorate collapse and the monarchy alongside Scottish NMA to meet Lambert's NMA. Lambert's troops
return in 1660? dispersed - tired and poorly paid - and Lambert was imprisoned. Monck
KEY PEOPLE
recalled The Long Parliament
Factor Effectiveness Richard Cromwell Major-General Goffe
R.C.’s Weak lacked the authority, experience, and military General Lambert Arthur Haselrig
THE LONG PARLIAMENT (FEB-MARCH 1660) General Fleetwood Thomas Fairfax
Leadership backing of his father.
Role of the Army Politicised army became increasingly divided and General Desborough Bustrode Whitelock
What: A recalled Parl. containing all former Rump MPs, reversing Pride's John Thurloe General Monck
unmanageable, frequently interfering in civilian Purge. Very Presbyterian in character
government and undermining efforts to establish
lasting republican rule. March = agreed to dissolve to hold new, fresh + representative elections KEY DATES
Role of General Used his control of the army in Scotland to
Monck intervene decisively in English politics Treaty of Breda (Apr. 1660): A conciliatory and moderate set of terms to May-Oct 1659 The Second Rump Parliament
Public / Political Widespread exhaustion with years of civil war, restore monarchy. Inc. legal amnesty to all except a few regicides, Jan 1660 The Committee of Safety
desire for radicalism, and instability led many to see the Liberty of Conscience, Parl. to solve all land disputes + Monck's soldiers Feb-March 1660 The Long Parliament
stability restoration of Charles II as the best hope for April 1660 The Convention Parliament
to be paid/retained as soldiers
peace and order.
What: Army forced R.C. to close 3rd PP after Civilian faction discussed What: New Parl. following fresh elections, containing moderates,
CONTEXT reducing army + religious toleration. Army + Commonwealthsmen form Royalists, and Presbyterians - army had limited influence
alliance + recall Rump Parliament, yet still faced same problems. First
Richard Cromwell: Son of Oliver Cromwell - inherited LP following act to abolish the Protectorate May = Parl. accepts Treaty of Breda, declaring Charles II
Humble Petition + advice. No soldier with any military experience. King.
Avoided London + had no aptitude for the political world. Sided with the The ‘Humble Petition and Address of the Officers’
1641 reforms + laws between 1642-'59 declared null/void.
Civilian faction
Presented by Lambert - a new constitution suggesting a new
Republic + creation of a senate of 'godly people', ensuring England restores Monarchy + is no longer a Republic.
Emerging factions following Oliver Cromwell’s death
Grandees retained authority
NMA (Army) Faction: inc. Generals Fleetwood, Lambert + Desborough.
Sought to maintain the political influence of the Army. R.C. sought to win Civilian faction opposed to proposal + sought Parliamentary
THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL GROUPS
over by appointing Fleetwood as lieutenant-gen + pledged to clear oversight of Army Different roles leading to Charles II restoration
arrears of pay
Military faction in favour Role of the Army: Unable to establish any stable form of
'Civilian Faction': inc. John Thurloe, Gen. Mock + Major-Gen. Goffe. governance + relied upon force. Lost authority over both parl.
Sought to reduce the army's influence over the government. R.C. sought Booth’s Uprising: C.S. organised a pro-Royalist uprising of 4000 men.
+ the population.
to win over by calling a parl. to legitimise his role as LP Lambert + NMA able to suppress uprising, but demonstrated broad
discontent with the Republic Role of General Monck: Previously a royalist during Civil
THE ROLE OF RICHARD CROMWELL Haselrig + Rump declared (50-15) that Lambert, Desborough + 8 other
War but joined military in Ireland under Cromwell. Gained
broad support from Presbyterians, royalists + those seeking
gen. to be expelled and replaced with pro-Parliament figures, i.e. Monck
Strengths Weaknesses restoration of Order via his ambiguous aims, seeking stability
+ Fleetwood. Lambert dissolved the Rump via loyal troops + reasserts
A smooth succession with no R.C. did not have authority in the + strong NMA army under his control. Sent agent to C.S.
the NMA autonomy. Formed a new (4th) form of Government
power struggle between army + thus the consistent loyalty asking (1) To leave the Netherlands to distance himself from
competing factions. of the armed forces. Catholicism, (2) To issue a moderate settlement.
Why did it fail?
Royalists viewed the succession R.C. took little direct interest in
as a disaster for C.S. plan to matters of faith, + aligned himself Rump began discussing adding new MPs without calling Role of Charles II: Positioned himself as a moderate +
reclaim the throne. to no major religious groups. respectable King, distancing away from the Divine Right
elections
R.C. was a civilian not an army R.C. had few natural allies due to theory + Catholicism. Treaty of Breda a moderate + cautious
man, with potential to 'civilianise' lack of political interest, so lacked
the government + remove army a power base + authority.
Planned to replace the NMA with a conventional army that proposals, with many details left to Parl.
influence. would swear its allegiance to Parl.
Role of The Convention Parl.: Fresh elections delivered a
Problems pro-royalist faction decisive in swinging power. Charles II
THE COMMITTEE OF SAFETY (JAN 1660) essentially became King on the terms of pre-Civil War 1641
The Army, particularly army pay - paid in arrears reforms.
What: An interim form of Government containing Bustrode Whitelock +
Divisions in Parl. - couldn't control army vs civilian faction split Lambert (Grandees). Country on verge of anarchy. Numerous Failure of The Commonwealth: Restoration only occurred
conservative forces opposed Committee - initiative returns to Haselrig as no suitable alternative could be found. Governments of
TOPIC ANALYSIS the Commonwealth were supported by an increasingly
Role of Gen. Monck: Gen. Monck + Fairfax marched to London narrow base, relying on the NMA rather than the population.
Key Question: Why did the Protectorate collapse and the monarchy alongside Scottish NMA to meet Lambert's NMA. Lambert's troops
return in 1660? dispersed - tired and poorly paid - and Lambert was imprisoned. Monck
KEY PEOPLE
recalled The Long Parliament
Factor Effectiveness Richard Cromwell Major-General Goffe
R.C.’s Weak lacked the authority, experience, and military General Lambert Arthur Haselrig
THE LONG PARLIAMENT (FEB-MARCH 1660) General Fleetwood Thomas Fairfax
Leadership backing of his father.
Role of the Army Politicised army became increasingly divided and General Desborough Bustrode Whitelock
What: A recalled Parl. containing all former Rump MPs, reversing Pride's John Thurloe General Monck
unmanageable, frequently interfering in civilian Purge. Very Presbyterian in character
government and undermining efforts to establish
lasting republican rule. March = agreed to dissolve to hold new, fresh + representative elections KEY DATES
Role of General Used his control of the army in Scotland to
Monck intervene decisively in English politics Treaty of Breda (Apr. 1660): A conciliatory and moderate set of terms to May-Oct 1659 The Second Rump Parliament
Public / Political Widespread exhaustion with years of civil war, restore monarchy. Inc. legal amnesty to all except a few regicides, Jan 1660 The Committee of Safety
desire for radicalism, and instability led many to see the Liberty of Conscience, Parl. to solve all land disputes + Monck's soldiers Feb-March 1660 The Long Parliament
stability restoration of Charles II as the best hope for April 1660 The Convention Parliament
to be paid/retained as soldiers
peace and order.
