Civil FE exam Comprehensive
Questions and Solutions
Graded A+
Gradient - Answer: vector that points in the direction of maximum rate of change
Acidity - Answer: measure of acids in solution
caused by the formation of carbonic acid (H2CO3) from carbon dioxide in the air.
4.5<pH, carbonic acid ionized to form bicarbonate
8.3<pH, carbonate ions form
Alkalinity - Answer: negative ions
ability of water to neutralize acids (absorb hydrogen ions)
Principal Alkaline ions - Answer: OH- CO3-- HCO3-
Water hardness - Answer: positive ions
presence of polyvalent metallic cations
total hardness - Answer: sum of magnesium and calcium expressed as mg/L CaCO3
Carbonate hardness - Answer: cations from dissolution of calcium or magnesium carbonate and
bicarbonate in water
, Non carbonate hardness - Answer: Also called permanent hardness
catiion from calcium and magnesium compounts of sulfate chloride or silicate
Irons effect in water - Answer: stains porcelain
brown clothing
titration analysis
Manganese effect in water - Answer: same as iron
Phosphorus effect in water - Answer: algae
caloremic digestion methods
Nitrogen effect in water - Answer: can reach large concentration of groundwater
can cause blue baby syndrome
algae
water color - Answer: caused by true color substances
compared to cobolt
turbidity - Answer: light transmission
total solids - Answer: residue after evaporation
total suspended solids - Answer: retained on filter
Questions and Solutions
Graded A+
Gradient - Answer: vector that points in the direction of maximum rate of change
Acidity - Answer: measure of acids in solution
caused by the formation of carbonic acid (H2CO3) from carbon dioxide in the air.
4.5<pH, carbonic acid ionized to form bicarbonate
8.3<pH, carbonate ions form
Alkalinity - Answer: negative ions
ability of water to neutralize acids (absorb hydrogen ions)
Principal Alkaline ions - Answer: OH- CO3-- HCO3-
Water hardness - Answer: positive ions
presence of polyvalent metallic cations
total hardness - Answer: sum of magnesium and calcium expressed as mg/L CaCO3
Carbonate hardness - Answer: cations from dissolution of calcium or magnesium carbonate and
bicarbonate in water
, Non carbonate hardness - Answer: Also called permanent hardness
catiion from calcium and magnesium compounts of sulfate chloride or silicate
Irons effect in water - Answer: stains porcelain
brown clothing
titration analysis
Manganese effect in water - Answer: same as iron
Phosphorus effect in water - Answer: algae
caloremic digestion methods
Nitrogen effect in water - Answer: can reach large concentration of groundwater
can cause blue baby syndrome
algae
water color - Answer: caused by true color substances
compared to cobolt
turbidity - Answer: light transmission
total solids - Answer: residue after evaporation
total suspended solids - Answer: retained on filter
