GNRS 588 CRITICAL CARE-EXAM
1|ACTUAL 130+Qs&As|ALREADY
GRADED A+
Volume of blood ejected by the heart in one minute into the systemic circuit -
CORRECTANSWER cardiac output
What is the best indicator of the condition of the heart's contractile or inotropic ability? -
CORRECTANSWER cardiac output
Normal cardiac output range: -CORRECTANSWER 4-8 liters per minute (4-6 at rest)
What is the metric that is calculated by dividing the cardiac output by an individual's
body surface area? -CORRECTANSWER cardiac index
Normal cardiac index range: -CORRECTANSWER 2.2 - 4.0 L/minute/m2
How is cardiac output calculated? -CORRECTANSWER SV x HR
Term used to describe the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle during each
systole -CORRECTANSWER stroke volume
Normal stroke volume range: -CORRECTANSWER 60-70 ml
,List 3 factors that affect stroke volume: -CORRECTANSWER 1) Preload
2) Afterload
3) Contractility
Term used to describe the volume of blood in the right and/or left ventricle at the end of
diastole: -CORRECTANSWER preload
The following are causes of a (decreased/elevated) preload:
1) volume overload
2) left ventricular dysfunction
3) right ventricular dysfunction
4) valvular defects (stenosis or insufficiency)
5) cardiac tamponade -CORRECTANSWER elevated
Describe cardiac circulation: -CORRECTANSWER 1) blood enters right atrium by
superior and inferior vena cava
2) through tricuspid valve to right ventricle
3) through pulmonic valve to pulmonary arteries to lungs
4) through pulmonary veins to left atrium
5) through mitral valve to left ventricle
6) through aortic valve to aorta and to the body
, The following assessment findings are indicative of (right-/left-)sided elevated preload:
1) JVD
2) edema
3) hepato-jugular reflux (HJR) -CORRECTANSWER right
The following assessment findings are indicative of (right-/left-)sided elevated preload:
1) orthopnea
2) dyspnea
3) cough
4) crackles
5) S3
6) paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) -CORRECTANSWER left
Which types of medications are used to reduce preload? -CORRECTANSWER diuretics
and vasodilators (nitrates)
How should we position patients to aid in reduction of preload? -CORRECTANSWER
semi-fowler's or high fowler's
The following are causes of a (decreased/elevated) preload:
1) hypovolemia
2) hemorrhage
3) third spacing
1|ACTUAL 130+Qs&As|ALREADY
GRADED A+
Volume of blood ejected by the heart in one minute into the systemic circuit -
CORRECTANSWER cardiac output
What is the best indicator of the condition of the heart's contractile or inotropic ability? -
CORRECTANSWER cardiac output
Normal cardiac output range: -CORRECTANSWER 4-8 liters per minute (4-6 at rest)
What is the metric that is calculated by dividing the cardiac output by an individual's
body surface area? -CORRECTANSWER cardiac index
Normal cardiac index range: -CORRECTANSWER 2.2 - 4.0 L/minute/m2
How is cardiac output calculated? -CORRECTANSWER SV x HR
Term used to describe the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle during each
systole -CORRECTANSWER stroke volume
Normal stroke volume range: -CORRECTANSWER 60-70 ml
,List 3 factors that affect stroke volume: -CORRECTANSWER 1) Preload
2) Afterload
3) Contractility
Term used to describe the volume of blood in the right and/or left ventricle at the end of
diastole: -CORRECTANSWER preload
The following are causes of a (decreased/elevated) preload:
1) volume overload
2) left ventricular dysfunction
3) right ventricular dysfunction
4) valvular defects (stenosis or insufficiency)
5) cardiac tamponade -CORRECTANSWER elevated
Describe cardiac circulation: -CORRECTANSWER 1) blood enters right atrium by
superior and inferior vena cava
2) through tricuspid valve to right ventricle
3) through pulmonic valve to pulmonary arteries to lungs
4) through pulmonary veins to left atrium
5) through mitral valve to left ventricle
6) through aortic valve to aorta and to the body
, The following assessment findings are indicative of (right-/left-)sided elevated preload:
1) JVD
2) edema
3) hepato-jugular reflux (HJR) -CORRECTANSWER right
The following assessment findings are indicative of (right-/left-)sided elevated preload:
1) orthopnea
2) dyspnea
3) cough
4) crackles
5) S3
6) paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) -CORRECTANSWER left
Which types of medications are used to reduce preload? -CORRECTANSWER diuretics
and vasodilators (nitrates)
How should we position patients to aid in reduction of preload? -CORRECTANSWER
semi-fowler's or high fowler's
The following are causes of a (decreased/elevated) preload:
1) hypovolemia
2) hemorrhage
3) third spacing
