NSG 530- EXAM 3 WILKES |
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026\2027
UPDATE
Role of digestive system
produce energy from food ingested, transfer energy-rich nutrients,
water, and electrolytes into the body's internal environment
gastrointestinal tract components mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus functions of the gastrointestinal
system movement, secretion, digestion, and absorption alimentary canal
GI tract-digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus single
hallow tube
Layers of the gastrointestinal tract mucosa(outermost), submucosa,
muscularis, serosa/adventitia (innermost) enteric (intramural) plexus
controls mobility, secretion, sensation and blood flow functions of saliva
lubrication, antibacterial action, pH regulation, thermoregulation,
enzymatic digestion phases of swallowing oropharyngeal and
esophageal oropharyngeal swallowing voluntary (striated) food formed
into bolus and forced towards pharynx esophageal swallowing
involuntary (smooth muscle) food bolus enters esophagus, peristalsis occurs
to move food down to lower esophageal sphincter how many permanent
teeth are there in adults
32
three pairs of salivary glands parotid glands, sublingual glands,
submandibular glands Saliva has a pH of about 7.4, used to
neutralize bacterial acids and prevents tooth decay mucin
sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract traps
microorganisms- provides lubrication upper esophageal
sphincter
,Keeps air from entering the esophagus during respiration lower
esophageal sphincter
Prevents regurgitation from the stomach and caustic injury to the
esophagus
Functions of the stomach
stores food secretes
digestive juices mixes
food with the juices
propels partially digested food (chyme) into duodenum
Chyme
Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids
in the stomach.
functional areas of the stomach
the fundus (upper portion), body (middle portion), and antrum (lower
portion).
cardiac orifice opening between
esophagus and stomach pyloric
sphincter
ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the
duodenum
pylorus distal region of the stomach, opening to the
duodenum The stomach has three layers of muscle
- longitudinal, circular, and oblique (most
prominent) rugae the folds in the mucosa lining the
stomach the stomach is impermeable to what?
water, but can absorb alcohol and aspirin as they are lipid
soluble. blood to stomach is supplied by _____? celiac artery-
abundant!
,Three phases of gastric secretion
1. cephalic phase
2. gastric phase
3. intestinal phase Motilin increases peristalsis Secretin decreases
peristalsis
Gastric mixing and emptying
- Retropulsion
- Rate dependent on volume, osmotic pressure, and chemical composition
Stimulation of gastric secretion
-Eating
-Gastrin
-Paracrine pathways
-Acetylcholine
-Chemicals
--Ethanol, coffee, protein intrinsic factor
makes the absorption of vitamin B12 happen
gastroferritin binds Fe2+ and transports it to
small intestine phases of gastric secretion
1. cephalic phase
2. gastric phase
3. intestinal phase
Gastric juices include
- Pepsin, an enzyme that digests protein
- Other Enzymes
- Hydrochloric Acid
- Mucus
- Salts - Water acid plays what role in gastric secretion?
dissolves food fibers, act as bactericide, convert pepsinogen to pepsin
Pepsin
Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach secreted
by chief cells
, Mucous in stomach
Protects stomach cells from gastric juices small
intestine
Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food
takes place
Three sections of the small intestine
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum 3. Ileum ileocecal valve
valve between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large
intestine peritoneum
Double-layered membrane surrounding the abdominal organs mesentery
a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the
intestine to the interior abdominal wall
duodenum
first part of the small intestine- supplied by the gastroduodenal artery
jejunum second part of the small intestine-supplied by mesentery
artery ileum
the last and longest portion of the small intestine-supplied by mesentery
artery myenteric plexus controls gastrointestinal motility Two layers of
small intestine longitudinal (outer) and circular (inner) absorption
through villi:
enterocytes
microvilli brush
border lamina
propria lacteal
crypts of Lieberkühn
Intestinal Digestion and Absorption
-hydrochloric acid
-pepsin
-pancreatic enzymes
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026\2027
UPDATE
Role of digestive system
produce energy from food ingested, transfer energy-rich nutrients,
water, and electrolytes into the body's internal environment
gastrointestinal tract components mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus functions of the gastrointestinal
system movement, secretion, digestion, and absorption alimentary canal
GI tract-digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus single
hallow tube
Layers of the gastrointestinal tract mucosa(outermost), submucosa,
muscularis, serosa/adventitia (innermost) enteric (intramural) plexus
controls mobility, secretion, sensation and blood flow functions of saliva
lubrication, antibacterial action, pH regulation, thermoregulation,
enzymatic digestion phases of swallowing oropharyngeal and
esophageal oropharyngeal swallowing voluntary (striated) food formed
into bolus and forced towards pharynx esophageal swallowing
involuntary (smooth muscle) food bolus enters esophagus, peristalsis occurs
to move food down to lower esophageal sphincter how many permanent
teeth are there in adults
32
three pairs of salivary glands parotid glands, sublingual glands,
submandibular glands Saliva has a pH of about 7.4, used to
neutralize bacterial acids and prevents tooth decay mucin
sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract traps
microorganisms- provides lubrication upper esophageal
sphincter
,Keeps air from entering the esophagus during respiration lower
esophageal sphincter
Prevents regurgitation from the stomach and caustic injury to the
esophagus
Functions of the stomach
stores food secretes
digestive juices mixes
food with the juices
propels partially digested food (chyme) into duodenum
Chyme
Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids
in the stomach.
functional areas of the stomach
the fundus (upper portion), body (middle portion), and antrum (lower
portion).
cardiac orifice opening between
esophagus and stomach pyloric
sphincter
ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the
duodenum
pylorus distal region of the stomach, opening to the
duodenum The stomach has three layers of muscle
- longitudinal, circular, and oblique (most
prominent) rugae the folds in the mucosa lining the
stomach the stomach is impermeable to what?
water, but can absorb alcohol and aspirin as they are lipid
soluble. blood to stomach is supplied by _____? celiac artery-
abundant!
,Three phases of gastric secretion
1. cephalic phase
2. gastric phase
3. intestinal phase Motilin increases peristalsis Secretin decreases
peristalsis
Gastric mixing and emptying
- Retropulsion
- Rate dependent on volume, osmotic pressure, and chemical composition
Stimulation of gastric secretion
-Eating
-Gastrin
-Paracrine pathways
-Acetylcholine
-Chemicals
--Ethanol, coffee, protein intrinsic factor
makes the absorption of vitamin B12 happen
gastroferritin binds Fe2+ and transports it to
small intestine phases of gastric secretion
1. cephalic phase
2. gastric phase
3. intestinal phase
Gastric juices include
- Pepsin, an enzyme that digests protein
- Other Enzymes
- Hydrochloric Acid
- Mucus
- Salts - Water acid plays what role in gastric secretion?
dissolves food fibers, act as bactericide, convert pepsinogen to pepsin
Pepsin
Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach secreted
by chief cells
, Mucous in stomach
Protects stomach cells from gastric juices small
intestine
Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food
takes place
Three sections of the small intestine
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum 3. Ileum ileocecal valve
valve between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large
intestine peritoneum
Double-layered membrane surrounding the abdominal organs mesentery
a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the
intestine to the interior abdominal wall
duodenum
first part of the small intestine- supplied by the gastroduodenal artery
jejunum second part of the small intestine-supplied by mesentery
artery ileum
the last and longest portion of the small intestine-supplied by mesentery
artery myenteric plexus controls gastrointestinal motility Two layers of
small intestine longitudinal (outer) and circular (inner) absorption
through villi:
enterocytes
microvilli brush
border lamina
propria lacteal
crypts of Lieberkühn
Intestinal Digestion and Absorption
-hydrochloric acid
-pepsin
-pancreatic enzymes
