UST ABSN PAThoPhArmAcology 1 exAm NeWeST 2026 comPleTe
QUeSTIoNS AND correcT DeTAIleD ANSWerS (VerIFIeD ANSWerS)
|AlreADy grADeD A+||BrAND NeW VerSIoN!!
Toxicology deals with the effects of drugs. Toxicity is measured through the Therapeutic Index. -
CORRECT ANSWER-what is toxicology and how do we measure a drugs toxicity?
therapeutic index is a ratio that measures toxicity. The ratio is found by putting the dose
*capable of killing 50% of animals (LD50) over than required to acheive a beneficial effect in
50% of animals (ED50).
In clinical practice the THERAPEUTIC INDEX is described as the ratio of the dose that causes
toxicity over the dose that provides therapeutic effect. - CORRECT ANSWER-What is the
therapeutic index?
Tolerance is the hyporeactivity that occurring from chronic exposure to a drug. Achievement of
the same effects of the drug requires larger and larger doses. - CORRECT ANSWER-what is
tolerance?
Cross tolerance may happen when tolerance occurs across drugs of the same class or across
drugs that have the same pharmacological effects - CORRECT ANSWER-What is cross
tolerance and how does it occur?
Tolerance to opioids, barbiturates, and alcohol - CORRECT ANSWER-what are some examples
of neurological adaptation/ cellular tolerance to drugs?
A drug is any chemical that can affect living processes - CORRECT ANSWER-How do you
define the word drug?
,Pharmacology can be defined as the study of drugs and their interaction with living things -
CORRECT ANSWER-Define pharmacology
study of effect of drugs in man (as compared to animals or comparative pharmacology -
CORRECT ANSWER-Define clinical pharmacology
also known as therapeutics, pharmacotherapeutics emphasizes the disease state and its
characteristics including therapy for and use of drugs in prevention and treatment of condition -
CORRECT ANSWER-what are pharmacotherapeutics?
Drugs used to destroy or eliminate pathogenic cells or organisms. The term is usually restricted
to anti-infectives and cancer chemotherapy. - CORRECT ANSWER-what are chemotherapeutic
agents?
metabolic drug tolerance occurs when the body has an increased rate of elimination of the drug.
- CORRECT ANSWER-What is metabolic drug tolerance?
enzyme induction which occurs when there is an increased activity of enzymes (the drug
transport system) - CORRECT ANSWER-what is the most common form of metabolic
tolerance?
pharmacodynamic processes determine the nature and intensity of the response. It is
essentially the effect of the drug ON the body.
EX: Target Organ, receptors, proteins, physiological effect etc. - CORRECT ANSWER-What is
pharmacodynamics?
Pharmacokinetic processes determine how much of an admin- istered dose gets to its sites of
action. There are four major pharmacokinetic processes: (1) drug absorption, (2) drug
distribution, (3) drug metabolism, and (4) drug excretion. *These processes can be thought of as
the impact of the body on drugs* - CORRECT ANSWER-What is pharmacokinetics?
, what are the four major pharmacokinetic processes?
Down regulation - CORRECT ANSWER-what type of tolerance occurs when there is a decrease
in the number, or decrease in the sensitivity, of receptor sites?
betablockers - CORRECT ANSWER-what kind of drugs block receptors?
Betablockers block receptors resulting in increased the sensitivity of receptors. This is known as
Up Regulation - CORRECT ANSWER-The use of betablockers can also cause a change in the
sensitivity of receptors. What is this caused and how does it occur?
Tachyphylaxis is a tolerance that develops acutely with only a few doses of a drug - CORRECT
ANSWER-Define the term tachyphylaxis?
Idiosyncrasy describes an unexpected, abnormal, or peculiar reaction to a drug. - CORRECT
ANSWER-what is idiosyncrasy?
no, adverse effects can occur regardless of the dosage level - CORRECT ANSWER-Is dosing a
factor in patients that experience idiosyncrasy?
side effect describes any action of the drug other than the intended therapeutic effects.
sometimes side effect, adverse effect, and untoward effect are used synonymously - CORRECT
ANSWER-what is a Side effect? synonyms for side effect that are commonly used in practice?
Toxic effects (usually expected - CORRECT ANSWER-define a toxic effect?
The world health organization defines Adverse reaction as any noxious, unintended and
undesired effect that occurs as NORMAL drug dose - CORRECT ANSWER-Define adverse
reaction
the same the as an adverse or side effect - CORRECT ANSWER-What is untoward effect?
QUeSTIoNS AND correcT DeTAIleD ANSWerS (VerIFIeD ANSWerS)
|AlreADy grADeD A+||BrAND NeW VerSIoN!!
Toxicology deals with the effects of drugs. Toxicity is measured through the Therapeutic Index. -
CORRECT ANSWER-what is toxicology and how do we measure a drugs toxicity?
therapeutic index is a ratio that measures toxicity. The ratio is found by putting the dose
*capable of killing 50% of animals (LD50) over than required to acheive a beneficial effect in
50% of animals (ED50).
In clinical practice the THERAPEUTIC INDEX is described as the ratio of the dose that causes
toxicity over the dose that provides therapeutic effect. - CORRECT ANSWER-What is the
therapeutic index?
Tolerance is the hyporeactivity that occurring from chronic exposure to a drug. Achievement of
the same effects of the drug requires larger and larger doses. - CORRECT ANSWER-what is
tolerance?
Cross tolerance may happen when tolerance occurs across drugs of the same class or across
drugs that have the same pharmacological effects - CORRECT ANSWER-What is cross
tolerance and how does it occur?
Tolerance to opioids, barbiturates, and alcohol - CORRECT ANSWER-what are some examples
of neurological adaptation/ cellular tolerance to drugs?
A drug is any chemical that can affect living processes - CORRECT ANSWER-How do you
define the word drug?
,Pharmacology can be defined as the study of drugs and their interaction with living things -
CORRECT ANSWER-Define pharmacology
study of effect of drugs in man (as compared to animals or comparative pharmacology -
CORRECT ANSWER-Define clinical pharmacology
also known as therapeutics, pharmacotherapeutics emphasizes the disease state and its
characteristics including therapy for and use of drugs in prevention and treatment of condition -
CORRECT ANSWER-what are pharmacotherapeutics?
Drugs used to destroy or eliminate pathogenic cells or organisms. The term is usually restricted
to anti-infectives and cancer chemotherapy. - CORRECT ANSWER-what are chemotherapeutic
agents?
metabolic drug tolerance occurs when the body has an increased rate of elimination of the drug.
- CORRECT ANSWER-What is metabolic drug tolerance?
enzyme induction which occurs when there is an increased activity of enzymes (the drug
transport system) - CORRECT ANSWER-what is the most common form of metabolic
tolerance?
pharmacodynamic processes determine the nature and intensity of the response. It is
essentially the effect of the drug ON the body.
EX: Target Organ, receptors, proteins, physiological effect etc. - CORRECT ANSWER-What is
pharmacodynamics?
Pharmacokinetic processes determine how much of an admin- istered dose gets to its sites of
action. There are four major pharmacokinetic processes: (1) drug absorption, (2) drug
distribution, (3) drug metabolism, and (4) drug excretion. *These processes can be thought of as
the impact of the body on drugs* - CORRECT ANSWER-What is pharmacokinetics?
, what are the four major pharmacokinetic processes?
Down regulation - CORRECT ANSWER-what type of tolerance occurs when there is a decrease
in the number, or decrease in the sensitivity, of receptor sites?
betablockers - CORRECT ANSWER-what kind of drugs block receptors?
Betablockers block receptors resulting in increased the sensitivity of receptors. This is known as
Up Regulation - CORRECT ANSWER-The use of betablockers can also cause a change in the
sensitivity of receptors. What is this caused and how does it occur?
Tachyphylaxis is a tolerance that develops acutely with only a few doses of a drug - CORRECT
ANSWER-Define the term tachyphylaxis?
Idiosyncrasy describes an unexpected, abnormal, or peculiar reaction to a drug. - CORRECT
ANSWER-what is idiosyncrasy?
no, adverse effects can occur regardless of the dosage level - CORRECT ANSWER-Is dosing a
factor in patients that experience idiosyncrasy?
side effect describes any action of the drug other than the intended therapeutic effects.
sometimes side effect, adverse effect, and untoward effect are used synonymously - CORRECT
ANSWER-what is a Side effect? synonyms for side effect that are commonly used in practice?
Toxic effects (usually expected - CORRECT ANSWER-define a toxic effect?
The world health organization defines Adverse reaction as any noxious, unintended and
undesired effect that occurs as NORMAL drug dose - CORRECT ANSWER-Define adverse
reaction
the same the as an adverse or side effect - CORRECT ANSWER-What is untoward effect?
