VT - Bio 1106 Final Exam questions
with 100% complete solutions
Hydrostatic Skeleton - correct answer ✔✔ fluid filled central cavity, muscles work against the
fluid
Exoskeleton - correct answer ✔✔ rigid outer skeleton, arthropods such as crabs and insects,
made of chitin
Endoskeletons - correct answer ✔✔ rigid internal elements, echinoderms and vertebrates, gives
places for muscle attachments
Mesenchyme Cells - correct answer ✔✔ undifferentiated cells involved in the development of
bone
Fibroblasts - correct answer ✔✔ produces collagen
Chondroblasts - correct answer ✔✔ immature form of chondrocytes, produces cartilage
Osteoblasts - correct answer ✔✔ immature form of osteocytes, produces and becomes bone
Osteoclasts - correct answer ✔✔ develop from white blood cells, involved in the removal and
dissolving of bone
Epiphyses - correct answer ✔✔ widened end of the bone, where bones grow from
,Bone Remodeling - correct answer ✔✔ the process of absorbing and adding bone due to
mechanical stress or regulatory hormones
Ball-and-Socket - correct answer ✔✔ type of joint that allows for the most motion ex: hip,
shoulder
Hinge - correct answer ✔✔ joint that allows only forward and backward movement ex: knee
and elbow
Gliding Joint - correct answer ✔✔ joint that slides from one surface to the next ex: vertebrae in
the back
Combination - correct answer ✔✔ joint that allows for both rotation an side to side movement
ex: jaw
Flexor - correct answer ✔✔ hamstring, contraction of muscle bends the limb
Extensor - correct answer ✔✔ quads, contraction of the muscle straightens or extends the limb
tendon - correct answer ✔✔ attaches muscle to bone
Antagonist Muscle - correct answer ✔✔ paired group of extensor and felxor muscles that work
to oppose each other
intercallated discs - correct answer ✔✔ sections of cardiac muscles that contract as a unit
Sarcomeres - correct answer ✔✔ the smallest unit of muscle contraction (z line to z line)
,Acetylcholine - correct answer ✔✔ neurotransmitter released at neuro-muscular junctions that
causes action potential to be sent down t-tubules; enables learning and memory and also
triggers muscle contraction
tetanus - correct answer ✔✔ smooth, sustained muscular contractions
Summation - correct answer ✔✔ multiple stimuli applied before relaxation causing multiple
spikes in muscle contraction
Fast Twitch - correct answer ✔✔ fewer capillaries, fewer mitochondria, less myoglobin, rapid
generation of power (fermentation)
Slow Twitch - correct answer ✔✔ more capillaries, many mitochondria, high myoglobin,
SUSTAINED ACTION/ENDURANCE, red fibers (aerobic respiration)
Basal Metabolic Rate - correct answer ✔✔ minimal amount of energy consumed at rest
calorie - correct answer ✔✔ the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1g of
H2O by 1 degree celsius
Vitamins - correct answer ✔✔ organic molecules essential for the body, help to catalyze
reactions
Minerals - correct answer ✔✔ inorganic molecules essential for the body
Essential Nutrient - correct answer ✔✔ a substance required for health but can not be
produced by the body
, Accessory organs of the Digestive Tract - correct answer ✔✔ liver, gallbladder, salivary glands,
pancreas
Flow of the Digestive Tract - correct answer ✔✔ mechanical breakdown, chemical breakdown,
absorption, excretion
Bolus - correct answer ✔✔ chewed/salivated food
Components of Saliva - correct answer ✔✔ water, mucous, salivary amylase, antibacterial
compounds
Esophagus - correct answer ✔✔ muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach (made
up of both voluntary and smooth muscle)
Perisalsis - correct answer ✔✔ coordinated muscle movements of the bolus to the stomach
through the relaxation and contraction of different sections of the esophagus
Leptin - correct answer ✔✔ produced in fat tissue, suppresses appetite, long term control of
appetite
Ghrelin - correct answer ✔✔ produced in the stomach and increases appetite, short term
control of appetite
Small Intestine - correct answer ✔✔ location of most absorption and digestion, consists of
duodenum, jejunum, and iluem
Duodenum - correct answer ✔✔ enzymes from pancreas/gallbladder enter and help for the
chemical breakdown of food
with 100% complete solutions
Hydrostatic Skeleton - correct answer ✔✔ fluid filled central cavity, muscles work against the
fluid
Exoskeleton - correct answer ✔✔ rigid outer skeleton, arthropods such as crabs and insects,
made of chitin
Endoskeletons - correct answer ✔✔ rigid internal elements, echinoderms and vertebrates, gives
places for muscle attachments
Mesenchyme Cells - correct answer ✔✔ undifferentiated cells involved in the development of
bone
Fibroblasts - correct answer ✔✔ produces collagen
Chondroblasts - correct answer ✔✔ immature form of chondrocytes, produces cartilage
Osteoblasts - correct answer ✔✔ immature form of osteocytes, produces and becomes bone
Osteoclasts - correct answer ✔✔ develop from white blood cells, involved in the removal and
dissolving of bone
Epiphyses - correct answer ✔✔ widened end of the bone, where bones grow from
,Bone Remodeling - correct answer ✔✔ the process of absorbing and adding bone due to
mechanical stress or regulatory hormones
Ball-and-Socket - correct answer ✔✔ type of joint that allows for the most motion ex: hip,
shoulder
Hinge - correct answer ✔✔ joint that allows only forward and backward movement ex: knee
and elbow
Gliding Joint - correct answer ✔✔ joint that slides from one surface to the next ex: vertebrae in
the back
Combination - correct answer ✔✔ joint that allows for both rotation an side to side movement
ex: jaw
Flexor - correct answer ✔✔ hamstring, contraction of muscle bends the limb
Extensor - correct answer ✔✔ quads, contraction of the muscle straightens or extends the limb
tendon - correct answer ✔✔ attaches muscle to bone
Antagonist Muscle - correct answer ✔✔ paired group of extensor and felxor muscles that work
to oppose each other
intercallated discs - correct answer ✔✔ sections of cardiac muscles that contract as a unit
Sarcomeres - correct answer ✔✔ the smallest unit of muscle contraction (z line to z line)
,Acetylcholine - correct answer ✔✔ neurotransmitter released at neuro-muscular junctions that
causes action potential to be sent down t-tubules; enables learning and memory and also
triggers muscle contraction
tetanus - correct answer ✔✔ smooth, sustained muscular contractions
Summation - correct answer ✔✔ multiple stimuli applied before relaxation causing multiple
spikes in muscle contraction
Fast Twitch - correct answer ✔✔ fewer capillaries, fewer mitochondria, less myoglobin, rapid
generation of power (fermentation)
Slow Twitch - correct answer ✔✔ more capillaries, many mitochondria, high myoglobin,
SUSTAINED ACTION/ENDURANCE, red fibers (aerobic respiration)
Basal Metabolic Rate - correct answer ✔✔ minimal amount of energy consumed at rest
calorie - correct answer ✔✔ the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1g of
H2O by 1 degree celsius
Vitamins - correct answer ✔✔ organic molecules essential for the body, help to catalyze
reactions
Minerals - correct answer ✔✔ inorganic molecules essential for the body
Essential Nutrient - correct answer ✔✔ a substance required for health but can not be
produced by the body
, Accessory organs of the Digestive Tract - correct answer ✔✔ liver, gallbladder, salivary glands,
pancreas
Flow of the Digestive Tract - correct answer ✔✔ mechanical breakdown, chemical breakdown,
absorption, excretion
Bolus - correct answer ✔✔ chewed/salivated food
Components of Saliva - correct answer ✔✔ water, mucous, salivary amylase, antibacterial
compounds
Esophagus - correct answer ✔✔ muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach (made
up of both voluntary and smooth muscle)
Perisalsis - correct answer ✔✔ coordinated muscle movements of the bolus to the stomach
through the relaxation and contraction of different sections of the esophagus
Leptin - correct answer ✔✔ produced in fat tissue, suppresses appetite, long term control of
appetite
Ghrelin - correct answer ✔✔ produced in the stomach and increases appetite, short term
control of appetite
Small Intestine - correct answer ✔✔ location of most absorption and digestion, consists of
duodenum, jejunum, and iluem
Duodenum - correct answer ✔✔ enzymes from pancreas/gallbladder enter and help for the
chemical breakdown of food
