Genetics Exam test questions and
answers graded A+
haploid number - ANS✅✅having one set of homologous chromosomes. also the gamete
chromosome number.
diploid number - ANS✅✅Total chromosome number in cells that have a pair of each type of
chromosome characteristic of the species.
genotype - ANS✅✅an organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations
phenotype - ANS✅✅The physical traits that appear in an individual as a result of its gentic make
up.
allele - ANS✅✅one of two alternate forms of a gene that can have the same locus on homologous
chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits
reciprocal cross - ANS✅✅a set of crosses in which a male expressing a trait of interest is crossed
with a female not expressing the trait and then a female expressing the trait is crossed with a male
not expressing the trait; often used to test wheather a trait is sex-linked
test-cross - ANS✅✅a cross between an organism whose genotype for a certain trait is unknown
and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait so the unknown genotype can be
determined from that of the offspring
mitosis - ANS✅✅cellular reproduction/replication producing two identical daughter cells with the
same chromosome complement as the parental cell.
meiosis - ANS✅✅process of cell division in gametogenesis or sporogenesis during which the
diploid number of chromosomes is reduced to the haploid number.
cytokinesis - ANS✅✅organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following
karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells
, karyokinesis - ANS✅✅organic process consisting of the division of the nucleus of a cell during
mitosis or meiosis
sister chromatids - ANS✅✅two daughter strands of a replicated chromosome joined at the middle
by a centromere
centromere - ANS✅✅a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during
mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape; site of spindle fiber attachment;
determines shape of chromosome
homologous chromosomes - ANS✅✅Chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position,
and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One
homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother.
kinetochore - ANS✅✅specialized protein complexes that develop on the vertical faces of a
centromere during late prophase; spindle fibers are attached to them
cohesin - ANS✅✅protein complex which holds sister chromatids together
synapse - ANS✅✅the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis
tetrad - ANS✅✅the four chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes that come together as
a result of synapsis during meiosis
chiasma/chiasmata - ANS✅✅The microscopically visible site where crossing over has occurred
between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis
chance deviation - ANS✅✅chance events; random fluctuations lead to deviation from the
expected; cannot be controlled.
null hypothesis - ANS✅✅states that there is no 'real' difference between the observed value and
the predicted value
chi square - ANS✅✅test that tells us it the actual data are significantly different from the
expected; takes into account observed deviation in each component and sample size; gives p-value
answers graded A+
haploid number - ANS✅✅having one set of homologous chromosomes. also the gamete
chromosome number.
diploid number - ANS✅✅Total chromosome number in cells that have a pair of each type of
chromosome characteristic of the species.
genotype - ANS✅✅an organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations
phenotype - ANS✅✅The physical traits that appear in an individual as a result of its gentic make
up.
allele - ANS✅✅one of two alternate forms of a gene that can have the same locus on homologous
chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits
reciprocal cross - ANS✅✅a set of crosses in which a male expressing a trait of interest is crossed
with a female not expressing the trait and then a female expressing the trait is crossed with a male
not expressing the trait; often used to test wheather a trait is sex-linked
test-cross - ANS✅✅a cross between an organism whose genotype for a certain trait is unknown
and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait so the unknown genotype can be
determined from that of the offspring
mitosis - ANS✅✅cellular reproduction/replication producing two identical daughter cells with the
same chromosome complement as the parental cell.
meiosis - ANS✅✅process of cell division in gametogenesis or sporogenesis during which the
diploid number of chromosomes is reduced to the haploid number.
cytokinesis - ANS✅✅organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following
karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells
, karyokinesis - ANS✅✅organic process consisting of the division of the nucleus of a cell during
mitosis or meiosis
sister chromatids - ANS✅✅two daughter strands of a replicated chromosome joined at the middle
by a centromere
centromere - ANS✅✅a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during
mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape; site of spindle fiber attachment;
determines shape of chromosome
homologous chromosomes - ANS✅✅Chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position,
and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One
homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother.
kinetochore - ANS✅✅specialized protein complexes that develop on the vertical faces of a
centromere during late prophase; spindle fibers are attached to them
cohesin - ANS✅✅protein complex which holds sister chromatids together
synapse - ANS✅✅the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis
tetrad - ANS✅✅the four chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes that come together as
a result of synapsis during meiosis
chiasma/chiasmata - ANS✅✅The microscopically visible site where crossing over has occurred
between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis
chance deviation - ANS✅✅chance events; random fluctuations lead to deviation from the
expected; cannot be controlled.
null hypothesis - ANS✅✅states that there is no 'real' difference between the observed value and
the predicted value
chi square - ANS✅✅test that tells us it the actual data are significantly different from the
expected; takes into account observed deviation in each component and sample size; gives p-value
