BSNC 6000
BSNC 6000 Midterm Exam 2025 Complete
Exam Questions and Verified Answers
100% Solved!!
Appropriate intervention for COPD exacerbation addressing impaired perfusion -
Correct Answers ✔-Administer O2
Appropriate intervention for heart failure exacerbation addressing impaired gas
exchange -Correct Answers ✔-Position patient in semi-fowlers
Sign of impaired electrolyte the imbalance in a patient with both COPD and HF -
Correct Answers ✔-irregular heart beat
Sign of impaired fluid imbalance in a patient with both COPD and HF -Correct
Answers ✔-Peripheral edema
Physical assessment to distinguish R vs L sided heart failure -Correct Answers ✔-
jugular vein distension (indicates right)
According to the oxygen supply and demand framework, oxygen supply depends
on... -Correct Answers ✔-Cardiac output and arterial oxygen content
Cardiac output depends on... -Correct Answers ✔-Heart rate and stroke volume
(after load is affected by vascular resistance and aortic impedance, contractility is
affected by Ca2+, ATP, and contractile proteins, and preload is affected by filling
time and venous return)
Arterial oxygen content depends on... -Correct Answers ✔-Oxygen bound to
hemoglobin (affected by hgb levels and # of RBCs), oxygen dissolved in plasma
(PaO2), and $ saturation of Hgb (SaO2)
BSNC 6000
,BSNC 6000
Alveolar gas exchange, which determines PaCO2 and PaO2, is affected by... -
Correct Answers ✔-composition of inspired air, ventilation (lung compliance,
airway resistance, neuromuscular function), pulmonary perfusion (blood vessel
latency, central perfusion), and alveolar capillary diffusion (surface area, pressure
gradient, diffusion distance)
According to the oxygen supply and demand framework, oxygen demand depends
on... -Correct Answers ✔-metabolic demand (determined by temperature, stress,
and physical activity)
Clinical manifestations of acute HF and COPD exacerbation -Correct Answers ✔-
decreased O2 sats, increased CO2, irregular HR (due to electrolyte balance and
salbutamol), low HgB, lactic acid buildup, low diastolic BP, edema (peripheral and
pulmonary), poor CWMS, dizziness, low EF, increase RR
Pharmacological management of clients experiencing exacerbation of COPD and
HF -Correct Answers ✔-Salbutamol: bronchodilator, used as long term agent in
COPD
Atrovent: controlling symptoms of COPD by relaxing airway muscles
Steroids (anti-inflammatories): help reduce inflammation in lungs, however can
increase fluid retention in HF
Furosemide: prevent fluid retention, helps peripheral and pulmonary edema (may
cause dehydration or electrolyte imbalance)
Definition of delirium -Correct Answers ✔-Acute confusional state
Risks of delirium -Correct Answers ✔-Infection, multiple medications, change in
environment, dehydration, surgery, injury, constipation, pain
BSNC 6000
,BSNC 6000
Outcomes of delirium + treatment -Correct Answers ✔-changes in mood, alertness,
agitation, drowsiness, hallucinations, delusions, disturbed sleep, disorganized
thinking. Treated by addressing cause, occasionally by antipsychotics (haloperidol)
Definition of dementia -Correct Answers ✔-a general term for the impaired ability
to remember, think, or make decisions that interferes with doing everyday
activities
Outcomes of dementia -Correct Answers ✔-decline in communication, learning,
remembering, and problem solving
Treatment of dementia -Correct Answers ✔-anticholinesterase inhibitors to slow
the progression. Symptomatic treatment with environmental & staff approaches.
Maintain and enhance remaining abilities.
Definition of depression -Correct Answers ✔-Mood disorder that causes persistent
feelings of sadness or loss of interest
Outcomes of depression -Correct Answers ✔-selective memory, highlighting
negativity, feeling of physical illness, withdrawing, often answering questions with
"I dont know"
Treatment of depression -Correct Answers ✔-antidepressants, ECT, cognitive
therapy, assist person to improve confidence and self-esteem through conversation
and activity
Alcohol withdrawal timeline -Correct Answers ✔-stage 1 - 8 hours: anxiety,
insomnia, nausea, abdominal pain
stage 2 - 1-3 days: high blood pressure, increased body temp
stage 3 - 1 week, up to weeks if not treated: hallucinations, fever, seizures,
agitation
BSNC 6000
, BSNC 6000
Characteristics of ECG wave -Correct Answers ✔-ECG waves measure electrical
activity, not contractions or pumping.
P: atrial depolarization, SA node firing
PR segment: atrial systole, "Pause": atrial construction needs to finish prior to
ventricular contraction
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization, AV node firing
ST segment: ventricular systole
T: repolarization, ("undo-ing") electrical firing
What causes upward and downward deflections -Correct Answers ✔-electrical
activity is going in the same direction as lead, electrical activity away from a lead
causes a downward deflection (depolarization and repolarization deflections occur
in opposite directions.)
What causes an increase in amplitude (on ECG) -Correct Answers ✔-
synchronicity, mass (ex. Ventricle vs. atria)
What does a peaked T wave indicate -Correct Answers ✔-hyperkalemia
What is heart rate controlled by? -Correct Answers ✔-the autonomic nervous
system → extrinsic factors impact HR through the sympathetic (increases HR) and
parasympathetic (decreases HR)
Intrinsic rates -Correct Answers ✔-SA node is 60-100, AV node is 40-60, Purkinje
fibers are 20-40
Sympathetic receptors -Correct Answers ✔-Epinephrine and norepinephrine
alpha 1: arterial vasoconstriction
beta 1: increase HR and contractility
beta 2: bronchodilation
BSNC 6000
BSNC 6000 Midterm Exam 2025 Complete
Exam Questions and Verified Answers
100% Solved!!
Appropriate intervention for COPD exacerbation addressing impaired perfusion -
Correct Answers ✔-Administer O2
Appropriate intervention for heart failure exacerbation addressing impaired gas
exchange -Correct Answers ✔-Position patient in semi-fowlers
Sign of impaired electrolyte the imbalance in a patient with both COPD and HF -
Correct Answers ✔-irregular heart beat
Sign of impaired fluid imbalance in a patient with both COPD and HF -Correct
Answers ✔-Peripheral edema
Physical assessment to distinguish R vs L sided heart failure -Correct Answers ✔-
jugular vein distension (indicates right)
According to the oxygen supply and demand framework, oxygen supply depends
on... -Correct Answers ✔-Cardiac output and arterial oxygen content
Cardiac output depends on... -Correct Answers ✔-Heart rate and stroke volume
(after load is affected by vascular resistance and aortic impedance, contractility is
affected by Ca2+, ATP, and contractile proteins, and preload is affected by filling
time and venous return)
Arterial oxygen content depends on... -Correct Answers ✔-Oxygen bound to
hemoglobin (affected by hgb levels and # of RBCs), oxygen dissolved in plasma
(PaO2), and $ saturation of Hgb (SaO2)
BSNC 6000
,BSNC 6000
Alveolar gas exchange, which determines PaCO2 and PaO2, is affected by... -
Correct Answers ✔-composition of inspired air, ventilation (lung compliance,
airway resistance, neuromuscular function), pulmonary perfusion (blood vessel
latency, central perfusion), and alveolar capillary diffusion (surface area, pressure
gradient, diffusion distance)
According to the oxygen supply and demand framework, oxygen demand depends
on... -Correct Answers ✔-metabolic demand (determined by temperature, stress,
and physical activity)
Clinical manifestations of acute HF and COPD exacerbation -Correct Answers ✔-
decreased O2 sats, increased CO2, irregular HR (due to electrolyte balance and
salbutamol), low HgB, lactic acid buildup, low diastolic BP, edema (peripheral and
pulmonary), poor CWMS, dizziness, low EF, increase RR
Pharmacological management of clients experiencing exacerbation of COPD and
HF -Correct Answers ✔-Salbutamol: bronchodilator, used as long term agent in
COPD
Atrovent: controlling symptoms of COPD by relaxing airway muscles
Steroids (anti-inflammatories): help reduce inflammation in lungs, however can
increase fluid retention in HF
Furosemide: prevent fluid retention, helps peripheral and pulmonary edema (may
cause dehydration or electrolyte imbalance)
Definition of delirium -Correct Answers ✔-Acute confusional state
Risks of delirium -Correct Answers ✔-Infection, multiple medications, change in
environment, dehydration, surgery, injury, constipation, pain
BSNC 6000
,BSNC 6000
Outcomes of delirium + treatment -Correct Answers ✔-changes in mood, alertness,
agitation, drowsiness, hallucinations, delusions, disturbed sleep, disorganized
thinking. Treated by addressing cause, occasionally by antipsychotics (haloperidol)
Definition of dementia -Correct Answers ✔-a general term for the impaired ability
to remember, think, or make decisions that interferes with doing everyday
activities
Outcomes of dementia -Correct Answers ✔-decline in communication, learning,
remembering, and problem solving
Treatment of dementia -Correct Answers ✔-anticholinesterase inhibitors to slow
the progression. Symptomatic treatment with environmental & staff approaches.
Maintain and enhance remaining abilities.
Definition of depression -Correct Answers ✔-Mood disorder that causes persistent
feelings of sadness or loss of interest
Outcomes of depression -Correct Answers ✔-selective memory, highlighting
negativity, feeling of physical illness, withdrawing, often answering questions with
"I dont know"
Treatment of depression -Correct Answers ✔-antidepressants, ECT, cognitive
therapy, assist person to improve confidence and self-esteem through conversation
and activity
Alcohol withdrawal timeline -Correct Answers ✔-stage 1 - 8 hours: anxiety,
insomnia, nausea, abdominal pain
stage 2 - 1-3 days: high blood pressure, increased body temp
stage 3 - 1 week, up to weeks if not treated: hallucinations, fever, seizures,
agitation
BSNC 6000
, BSNC 6000
Characteristics of ECG wave -Correct Answers ✔-ECG waves measure electrical
activity, not contractions or pumping.
P: atrial depolarization, SA node firing
PR segment: atrial systole, "Pause": atrial construction needs to finish prior to
ventricular contraction
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization, AV node firing
ST segment: ventricular systole
T: repolarization, ("undo-ing") electrical firing
What causes upward and downward deflections -Correct Answers ✔-electrical
activity is going in the same direction as lead, electrical activity away from a lead
causes a downward deflection (depolarization and repolarization deflections occur
in opposite directions.)
What causes an increase in amplitude (on ECG) -Correct Answers ✔-
synchronicity, mass (ex. Ventricle vs. atria)
What does a peaked T wave indicate -Correct Answers ✔-hyperkalemia
What is heart rate controlled by? -Correct Answers ✔-the autonomic nervous
system → extrinsic factors impact HR through the sympathetic (increases HR) and
parasympathetic (decreases HR)
Intrinsic rates -Correct Answers ✔-SA node is 60-100, AV node is 40-60, Purkinje
fibers are 20-40
Sympathetic receptors -Correct Answers ✔-Epinephrine and norepinephrine
alpha 1: arterial vasoconstriction
beta 1: increase HR and contractility
beta 2: bronchodilation
BSNC 6000
